伊維菌素
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伊維菌素(英語:ivermectin)也稱為愛獲滅,是一種阿維菌素家族[1]有效抗多種寄生蟲的治療藥物[2],其適用於治療頭蝨[1]、疥蟎引起的疥瘡[3],蟠尾絲蟲症(河盲症)[4],線蟲感染[5],班氏絲蟲感染導致的象皮病等[6]。伊維菌素可以塗抹於皮膚或是口服,但應避免接觸眼睛[1]
臨床資料 | |
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懷孕分級 |
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给药途径 | 口服 |
ATC碼 | |
藥物動力學數據 | |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 93% |
药物代谢 | 肝臟; CYP450 |
生物半衰期 | 18小時 |
排泄途徑 | 糞便; 尿液<1% |
识别信息 | |
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CAS号 | 70288-86-7 71827-03-7 |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEMBL | |
PDB配體ID | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.067.738 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C48H74O14 |
摩尔质量 | 875.11 g·mol−1 |
常見的副作用包含眼睛紅癢,皮膚乾燥與灼燒感[1]。目前尚不清楚在孕期中使用是否安全,但是在哺乳期使用似乎尚可[7]。其作用機制是使增加無脊椎動物的細胞膜可透性,導致它們死亡。
伊維菌素發現於1975年,並在1981年列為藥物[6][8]。 它是世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单中的一部份,是基層健康衛生系統中非常重要的藥物[9]。一套治療流程需要的藥物售價約為0.12美金[10],在美國約要價25到50美金[5],在其他的動物身上,伊維菌素用於治療與預防犬心絲蟲等疾病[2]。
历史
伊維菌素这种高效低毒的药品由日本北里大学有機化學家大村智和默克藥廠默克治疗研究所的威廉·坎贝尔从阿维菌素提纯出来[11],并于1981年被引入治疗[12]。2015年度的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖的一半联合授予坎贝尔和大村,理由是“这种衍生物从根本上降低了河盲症和淋巴丝虫病(“象皮病”)的发病率,以及有效对抗快速增加中的其他寄生虫疾病“[13]。
在其他動物的用途
伊維菌素对綿羊疥癬有高度治癒力。同時,它也能對抗羊痂恙蟲、綿羊蝨蠅、羊狂蠅的幼蟲及胃腸中大部分的線蟲和肺寄生蟲,且能控制綠頭蒼蠅的排泄物引起的蠅蛆病。使用在綿羊疥癬上時,最常用的剂型為長效型伊維菌素控制釋放膠囊。
研究
伊维菌素在体外对包括SARS-CoV-2在内的若干正单链RNA病毒有抗病毒作用。[14]后续研究发现本药在猴肾细胞对SARS-CoV-2的半抑制浓度为2.2–2.8μM。[15][16]伊维菌素在人体内达到抗病毒作用所需剂量远高于人用最高批准剂量、亦超过可安全实现剂量。[17][18]本药通过抑制输入蛋白α/β1的核运输达到抗病毒作用,在上述剂量下对宿主有毒。[19]因此现在缺乏展开本药COVID-19的临床检验的理由。[20]
多人因服用马用伊维菌素浓缩剂住院;过度用药亦已导致死亡病例;病人可能因本药与其他药物相互作用死亡。[21]截至2021年6月[update]。为解决原有小规模、低质量研究的不确定之处,美国和英国展开了大规模临床研究。[22][23]
众多学者对本药运用于COVID-19的研究有重大方法缺陷,证据水平因此很低。[20][24][25]众多组织因此公开表示本药对于治疗COVID-19有效的证据薄弱。2021年2月,本药的研发厂商默克发表声明表示目前没有本药对COVID-19有效的适当证据、以此目的使用本药亦相当危险。[26][27]美国国立卫生研究院COVID-19治疗指南表示本药证据极其有限,无法做出任何建议。[28]英国全国COVID-19治疗咨询委员会认定本药用于COVID-19治疗的证据和可行性不足以进行下一步调查.[29]
美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)未批准本药在美国治疗任何病毒疾病、在欧洲亦未获准用于治疗COVID-19。[28][30] 在审核本药相关证据后,欧洲药品管理局(EMA)表示目前数据不支持在良好设计的临床试验外使用本药。[30]2021年3月,FDA及EMA皆发布指南表示不应使用本药治疗COVID-19。[21][30]世界卫生组织亦表示本药除临床试验外不应用于治疗COVID-19。[31]巴西国家卫生监督局、巴西传染病学会、巴西胸腔学会发布声明反对使用本药预防或治疗早期COVID-19。[32][33][34]
參見
参考资料
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- ^ 2.0 2.1 Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs: Small and Large Animal 4. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015: 420 [2016-01-24]. ISBN 9780323244862. (原始内容存档于2016-01-31).
- ^ Panahi, Y; Poursaleh, Z; Goldust, M. The efficacy of topical and oral ivermectin in the treatment of human scabies.. Annals of parasitology. 2015, 61 (1): 11–6. PMID 25911032.
- ^ Sneader, Walter. Drug Discovery a History.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 2005: 333 [2016-01-24]. ISBN 9780470015520. (原始内容存档于2016-01-31).
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- ^ Ivermectin Levels and Effects while Breastfeeding. [2016-01-16]. (原始内容存档于2016-01-01).
- ^ Vercruysse, edited by J.; Rew, R.S. Macrocyclic lactones in antiparasitic therapy. Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. 2002: Preface [2016-01-24]. ISBN 9780851998404. (原始内容存档于2016-01-31).
- ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [2014-04-22]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-23).
- ^ Ivermectin. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2016-01-16].[永久失效連結]
- ^ Fisher MH, Mrozik H. The chemistry and pharmacology of avermectins. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1992, 32: 537–53. PMID 1605577. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.32.040192.002541.
- ^ W. C. CAMPBELL; R. W. BURG, , M. H. FISHER, and , R. A. DYBAS. The Discovery of Ivermectin and Other Avermectins. American Chemical Society: 5–20. 1984-06-26 [2015-10-09]. ISBN 9780841210837. (原始内容存档于2019-06-01).
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- ^ Şimşek Yavuz S, Ünal S. Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. April 2020, 50 (SI-1): 611–619. PMC 7195979 . PMID 32293834. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-145 .
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- ^ 21.0 21.1 Why You Should Not Use Ivermectin to Treat or Prevent COVID-19. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 March 2021 [5 March 2021]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-06).
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