外周血管系統

外周血管系統是循环系统的一部分，它由手臂、手、腿和脚等不在胸部或腹部的静脉和动脉组成。 ^[1]^[2]外周动脉向身体提供含氧血液，外周静脉将四肢毛细血管中的脱氧血液引导回心脏。 ^[3]医院和护理人员中經常在外周静脉處對病人進行靜脈注射。^[4]^[5]^[6]

参考文献

^ What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease? (PDF). American Heart Association (heart.org). 2012 [26 February 2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于April 12, 2015）. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing of the arteries to the legs, stomach, arms and head.
^ Overview of Peripheral Arterial Disease - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version. [30 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-30）（加拿大英语）. Disorders of arteries that supply the brain with blood are considered separately as cerebrovascular disease. Disorders that reduce blood flow of arteries in the abdomen are considered separately as abdominal aortic branch occlusion.
^ Hochauf, Sandra; Sternitzky, Reinhardt; Schellong, Sebastian M. Struktur und Funktion des venösen Systems. Herz (Springer Nature). 2007, 32 (1): 3–9. ISSN 0340-9937. PMID 17323029. doi:10.1007/s00059-007-2951-x （德语）.
^ Malenfant, Jason; Bubb, Kathleen; Wade, Alena; Tubbs, R. Shane; Loukas, Marios. Vascular Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Veins. Milano: Springer Milan. 2012: 11–17. ISBN 978-88-470-2372-7. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2373-4_2.
^ peripheral venous catheter. National Cancer Institute. [2019-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-13）.
^ Lamperti, M.; Pittiruti, M. II. Difficult peripheral veins: turn on the lights. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2013-06-01, 110 (6): 888–891 [2019-05-02]. ISSN 0007-0912. PMID 23687310. doi:10.1093/bja/aet078. （原始内容存档于2019-05-05）.

[Heart2012-1] What Is Peripheral Vascular Disease? (PDF). American Heart Association (heart.org). 2012 [26 February 2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于April 12, 2015）. Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing of the arteries to the legs, stomach, arms and head.

[Mer2019-2] Overview of Peripheral Arterial Disease - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version. [30 April 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-30）（加拿大英语）. Disorders of arteries that supply the brain with blood are considered separately as cerebrovascular disease. Disorders that reduce blood flow of arteries in the abdomen are considered separately as abdominal aortic branch occlusion.

[Hochauf_Sternitzky_Schellong_2007_pp._3–9-3] Hochauf, Sandra; Sternitzky, Reinhardt; Schellong, Sebastian M. Struktur und Funktion des venösen Systems. Herz (Springer Nature). 2007, 32 (1): 3–9. ISSN 0340-9937. PMID 17323029. doi:10.1007/s00059-007-2951-x （德语）.

[Malenfant_Bubb_Wade_Tubbs_2012_pp._11–17-4] Malenfant, Jason; Bubb, Kathleen; Wade, Alena; Tubbs, R. Shane; Loukas, Marios. Vascular Anatomy of Central and Peripheral Veins. Milano: Springer Milan. 2012: 11–17. ISBN 978-88-470-2372-7. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-2373-4_2.

[National_Cancer_Institute-5] ripheral venous catheter. National Cancer Institute. [2019-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-13）.

[Lamperti_Pittiruti_2013_pp._888–891-6] Lamperti, M.; Pittiruti, M. II. Difficult peripheral veins: turn on the lights. BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2013-06-01, 110 (6): 888–891 [2019-05-02]. ISSN 0007-0912. PMID 23687310. doi:10.1093/bja/aet078. （原始内容存档于2019-05-05）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]