强盗男爵

(重定向自强盗贵族

强盗男爵(英語:Robber baron),或称为强盗贵族强盗大亨强盗资本家,原本是19世纪下半期的社会批评英语social criticism中对一些有钱有势的美国商人的蔑称。该词在1870年8月的《大西洋月刊》出现。[1]到了19世纪后期,该词常用于指那些被认为以剥削手段来积累财富的商人。[2]这些行为包括控制自然资源、游说政府高层、支付仅能糊口的的工资、兼并竞争对手以压制竞争、制造垄断以哄抬价格,以及炒高股票价格并出售给没有戒心的投资者接盘。[2]这个词结合了“强盗”(robber)和非法贵族“男爵”(baron,在共和政体中是非法的角色)二者的含义。[3]

一幅1904年的漫画,其中将一个贪得无厌、操纵市场的企业(标准石油公司)描绘成了一只无所不能的章鱼

被视为强盗贵族的商人

 
1901年,美国的《Puck》上以漫画描绘将约翰·戴维森·洛克菲勒描绘成有权有势的君主。

马修·约瑟夫森英语Matthew Josephson的《强盗贵族》(Robber Barons,1934)中提到的强盗贵族:

其他来源中视为为“强盗大亨”的:

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Baldwin, Lida F. Unbound Old Atlantics. The Atlantic Monthly. 1907, C (November 1907): 683. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Dole, Charles F. The Ethics of Speculation. The Atlantic Monthly. 1907, C (December 1907): 812–818. 
  3. ^ Worth Robert Miller, Populist cartoons: an illustrated history of the third-party movement in the 1890s (2011) p. 13
  4. ^ David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (1986)
  5. ^ George C. Kohn. The New Encyclopedia of American Scandal. Infobase Publishing. 2001: 152. ISBN 9781438130224. 
  6. ^ Edward Renehan, Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons (2005)
  7. ^ Keys, C. M. The Overlords of Railroad Traffic: The Seven Men Who Reign Supreme. The World's Work: A History of Our Time英语World's Work. January 1906, XIII: 8437–8445 [2009-07-10]. 
  8. ^ Martin Naparsteck; Michele Cardulla. Mrs. Mark Twain: The Life of Olivia Langdon Clemens, 1845–1904. McFarland. 2013: 109. ISBN 9780786472611. 
  9. ^ T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (2010) p 328
  10. ^ John Franch, Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes (2008)
  11. ^ Charles O'Brien. Death of a Robber Baron . Kensington. 2013: 289. ISBN 9780758286369. 
  12. ^ Jepson, Tim. The Rough Guide to Vancouver. Rough Guides. 2004. ISBN 9781843532453 (英语). 
  13. ^ Theodore Dreiser; Roark Mulligan, editor. The Financier: The Critical Edition. U. of Illinois Press. 2010: 559. ISBN 9780252035043. 
  14. ^ Denning, Michael. The Cultural Front: The Laboring of American Culture in the Twentieth Century. London, New York: Verso. 1996: 173. ISBN 9781844674640. 
  15. ^ Stone, Oliver. The Untold History of the United States. New York: Gallery Books. 2012. ISBN 9780091949310. 
  16. ^ "Tesla CEO Elon Musk quashes claim he is 'modern-day robber baron'". [2023-05-26]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-02). 
  17. ^ "The Redstone Story re-lives the industrialization of the West"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Redstone, Colorado website, history
  18. ^ Mary Kupiec Cayton et al. eds. Encyclopedia of American social history. Scribner. 1993: 1064 vol 2. ISBN 9780684192468. 
  19. ^ Dickinson, Donald C. Dictionary of American Antiquarian Bookdealers. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1998: 183. ISBN 9780313266751 (英语).