形态测量学

形态测量学（英語：morphometrics）是指对大小、形状等形态（form）的定量分析，其名称源于希腊语的μορϕή（morphe，意为“形态”）与-μετρία（metria，意为“测量”）。形态测量学在对生物体的分析中十分常用，可用于分析化石记录、变异对形状的影响、形态的发育变化、不同生态因素与形状之间的协方差，以及估计形状的数量遗传参数等。形态测量分析能量化性状的演化重要度，并通过测量形态的变化来研究其个体发生学、功能或演化关系。形态测量学的一个主要目标是从统计学上检验不同因素对形状影响的假说。

形态测量学的方法主要包括传统形态测量方法、基于地标点（landmark）的几何形态测量学方法以及基于轮廓的形态测量学方法。

参考文献

Adams, Dean C.; Michael L. Collyer. A general framework for the analysis of phenotypic trajectories in evolutionary studies. Evolution. 2009, 63 (5): 1143–1154. PMID 19210539. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00649.x.

Bookstein, Fred. Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-58598-8.
Cadrin, Steven X. Advances in morphometric identification of fishery stocks. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 2000, 10: 91–112. doi:10.1023/A:1008939104413.

Elewa, A.M.T., editor. Morphometrics: Applications In Biology And Paleontology. Berlin: Springer. 2004. ISBN 3-540-21429-1.
Klingenberg, C.P.; N. A. Gidaszewski. Testing and quantifying phylogenetic signals and homoplasy in morphometric data. Systematic Biology. 2010, 59 (3): 245–261. PMID 20525633. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp106.

McLellan, Tracy; Endler, John A. The Relative Success of Some Methods for Measuring and Describing the Shape of Complex Objects . Systematic Biology (Society of Systematic Biologists). 1998, 47 (2): 264–81. ISSN 1076-836X. JSTOR 2585371 –通过JSTOR.

Rohlf, F.J.; D. Slice. Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology. 1990, 10 (39): 40–59. doi:10.2307/2992207.

^ Chiappe, L.M.; et al. A new Late Mesozoic Confuciusornithid Bird from China (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1999, 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011117. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Norell, M.A.; et al. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the late Mesozoic of northeastern China (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1999, 242: 10. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-11-19）.
^ Benton, M.J.; et al. A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight (PDF). Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 2008, 51 (5): 625–639 [2020-10-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-17）.
^ Chiappe, L.M.; et al. Life history of a basal bird: morphometrics of the Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis. Biology Letters. 2008, 4 (6): 719–723 [2017-12-07]. PMC 2614169  . PMID 18832054. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0409. （原始内容存档于2018-10-31）.

[1] Chiappe, L.M.; et al. A new Late Mesozoic Confuciusornithid Bird from China (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1999, 19 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011117. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[2] Norell, M.A.; et al. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the late Mesozoic of northeastern China (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 1999, 242: 10. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-11-19）.

[3] Benton, M.J.; et al. A primitive confuciusornithid bird from China and its implications for early avian flight (PDF). Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences. 2008, 51 (5): 625–639 [2020-10-10]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-04-17）.

[4] Chiappe, L.M.; et al. Life history of a basal bird: morphometrics of the Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis. Biology Letters. 2008, 4 (6): 719–723 [2017-12-07]. PMC 2614169  . PMID 18832054. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0409. （原始内容存档于2018-10-31）.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]