瑪拿西·本·以色列
瑪拿西·本·以色列(Menasseh ben Israel;מנשה בן ישראל,1604年—1657年11月 20 日),缩写MB"Y或MBI,本名马诺埃尔·迪亚斯·索埃罗(Manoel Dias Soeiro),是伊比利亞拉比、卡巴拉学者、作家、外交官、印刷商、出版商。1626年,於阿姆斯特丹,創辦第一台希伯来语印刷机(Emeth Meerets Tits)。
瑪拿西·本·以色列 | |
---|---|
出生 | 1604年 法國拉罗谢尔 |
逝世 | 1657年11月20日 荷蘭米德爾堡 | (52—53歲)
墓地 | 奧德科克安德阿姆斯特爾 |
职业 | 拉比 |
签名 | |
生平
1604年,瑪拿西出生于拉罗谢尔[2] [3] [4] ,本名马诺埃尔·迪亚斯·索埃罗(Manoel Dias Soeiro)。1603年,因伊比利亞的宗教迫害,其父母离开葡萄牙。 1610 年,全家搬到荷兰。在八十年战争(1568-1648)期间,荷兰是宗教上抵抗西班牙天主教统治的要角。阿姆斯特丹成為当时欧洲犹太人的重要生活中心。 1610年,一家人抵达海牙,正值法英斡旋下荷西的十二年停战协议。在阿姆斯特丹,瑪拿西师从摩西·拉斐尔·德·阿吉拉尔。
瑪拿西不仅是拉比和作家,更作为印刷商,而声名鹊起。在荷兰,瑪拿西创办了第一家希伯来语出版社。1632年,出版作品《調和者》(El Conciliador) [5],赢得声誉;該作试图调和希伯来圣经各部分中的明显差异。他旗下作者,包括弗西烏斯、格老秀斯、彼得·塞里烏斯、António Vieira和惠特等人。1638年,因為在阿姆斯特丹生計困難,瑪拿西决定定居巴西。瑪拿西可能考慮过荷兰殖民地累西腓,但没有選擇那邊。葡萄牙犹太企业家亞伯拉罕·佩雷拉兄弟的到来改善了瑪拿西在荷蘭的財務狀況。佩雷拉兄弟聘请玛拿西管理他們在荷蘭建立的学校(yeshibah)。 [6]
1644年,瑪拿西遇到了葡萄牙旅行家安东尼奥·德·蒙特齐诺斯 。蒙特齐诺斯是曾到过新大陆的瑪拉诺。蒙特齐诺斯說服瑪拿西相信自己所見:南美安第斯山脉的印第安人是以色列失落的十支派后裔。因为犹太人佈滿世界咸認為是弥赛亚到来的标志,瑪拿西的弥赛亚希望受此訊息鼓舞。1290年,犹太人在英国遭到驱逐,瑪拿西努力让猶太人获准再次定居英國,从而加速弥赛亚到来。
随着英格蘭共和國的建立,在对宗教自由日益增长的渴望,越来越多清教徒支持接納猶太人;猶太人接納議題提上政治議程。此外,弥赛亚和其他神秘主義流行英格兰。1650年,在阿姆斯特丹,瑪拿西作品《以色列的希望》首次以拉丁文 ( Spes Israels ) 和西班牙文 ( Esperança de Israel ) 出版。[7] 該書回应1648年John Dury询问蒙特齐诺斯主张的信。該書除了報導蒙特齐诺斯的美洲犹太人觀察外,还表达了犹太人返回英国的希望,以加速弥赛亚到来。瑪拿西还强调了自身与议会的密切关系,解释猶太人與英格兰的友好關係,而不只是经济利益。 [8] [note 1]
1651年,瑪拿西主动提出为瑞典女王克里斯蒂娜代理希伯来书籍。同年,瑪拿西会见Oliver St John,执行其委託,确保英荷同盟,给予荷兰公民在英居留和工作权,從而使在荷犹太人一利均霑。英国人欣賞瑪拿西的学识和禮儀,建议他正式申请犹太人重新进入英国。 [9] 1652 年,John Dury頹對将《以色列的希望》译成英文,在伦敦出版,献给议会和国务會議。[10] 瑪拿西在新世界发现失落支派的故事,深刻影響英國大众。[11] 议员愛德華·史賓塞和学者摩西·沃尔(Moses Wall)激烈辯論瑪拿西的千禧年主张,與犹太人皈依基督教。兩人往返書信後收錄《以色列的希望》再版中。 [8] 瑪拿西為在英犹太人辯護道: [12]
由此可見,神並沒有離開我們,神也沒有離開我們。因為如果有人迫害我們,另一個人就會禮貌地接待我們;如果這個親王對我們不好,另一位親王就會對我們好;如果有人將我們驅逐出他的國家,另一人就會以千種特權邀請我們;正如義大利的眾多王子、丹麥最傑出的國王和尼斯強大的薩伏依公爵所做的那樣。難道我們沒有看到那些接納猶太人的共和國確實繁榮昌盛嗎?
Hence it may be seen that God hath not left us; for if one persecutes us, another receives us civilly and courteously; and if this prince treats us ill, another treats us well; if one banisheth us out of his country, another invites us with a thousand privileges; as divers princes of Italy have done, the most eminent King of Denmark, and the mighty Duke of Savoy in Nissa. And do we not see that those Republiques do flourish and much increase in trade who admit the Israelites?
鑒於猶太人對英國商業的益處,克伦威尔同情犹太人。此时,英国给予犹太人在苏里南殖民地的全部权利。
1655年11月,瑪拿西抵达伦敦。在离开荷兰期间,阿姆斯特丹拉比将其学生斯宾诺莎逐出猶太公会。在伦敦,瑪拿西发表了他的《致护国公的拙見》(Humble Addresses to the Lord Protector) ,另一方面,William Prynne出版《简短的抗议》(Short Demurrer) 反對。同年12月,克伦威尔召开了白厅会议。
白廳會議僅確認無法令限制猶太人在英居住。 [note 2] 当William Prynne等反對派攻击犹太人时,瑪拿西出版《為猶太人辯護》(Vindiciae judaeorum, 1656)回应。
白厅会议后,瑪拿西·本·以色列在英国待了近两年。在此期间,他试图获得犹太人在英居住的书面许可,結識許多英國千禧年主義人士,但未果。 [14]
死亡与埋葬
1657 年 2 月,克伦威尔授予瑪拿西·本·以色列国家养老金,但他在享受这笔养老金前,1657年冬,荷兰米德尔堡,瑪拿西先已去世(5418年基斯流月14日)。時,瑪拿西正将儿子撒母耳的尸体运回家埋葬。 [15]
參見
参考
腳註
- ^ Hope of Israel was translated into English by Moses Wall, a millenarian and friend of Milton. Wall both supported the book's millennial themes and believed in God's special favour for the Jews, which he based on the writings of Thomas Brightman.[8]
- ^ John Evelyn's diary entry for 14 December 1655.
I visited Mr. Hobbes, the famous philosopher of Malmesbury, with who I had been long acquainted in France.
Now were the Jews admitted.[13]
註腳
- ^ Cecil Roth published a massive biography of Menasseh ben Israel (Roth, 1934), where this etching is also printed. However, in his 1970 entry on MbI for the Encyclopedia Judaica (see Roth, 2007, below; Roth was editor in chief of the first edition of that encyclopedia in 1970) he wrote:
- ^ Cardozo de Bethencourt, « Lettres de Menasseh ben Israël à Isaac Vossius (1651-1655) », Revue des études juives, n. 49-97, 1904, p. 98. He relies on the Amsterdam City Archives, where the marriage certificate of Menasseh ben Israel of 15 August 1623 is deposited (D. T. en B. 669, t° 95 vo).
- ^ Bethencourt is cited in the Jewish Encyclopedia′s biography of Menasseh ben Israel (online (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)).
- ^ Other sources give Lisbon () or Madeira Island () as a birthplace.
- ^ Menasseh Ben Israel. El Conciliador (The Conciliator). Amsterdam, 1632. Reprinted in The Conciliator of R. Manasseh Ben Israel: A Reconcilement of the Apparent Contradictions in Holy Scripture: To Which Are Added Explanatory Notes, and Biographical Notices of the Quoted Authorities. Translated by Elias Hiam Lindo. London, 1842. Reprinted by, e.g., Nabu Press, 2010. ISBN 1148567577.
- ^ For the economic ties binding Manasseh Ben Israel's intellectual activities to the mercantile activities of the brothers Pereyra throughout the entire period, see Roth, Cecil. A Life of Manasseh Ben Israel, Rabbi, Printer, and Diplomat. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. 1934: 62–63 and 316–317.; and Méchoulan, Henry; Nahon, Gérard (编). Menasseh Ben Israel: The Hope of Israel. The English translation by Moses Wall, 1652. New York: Oxford University Press. 1987: 40 and 70.
- ^ Those were the two initial main languages used by Menasseh when addressing the general Christian public in Europe. The full title of the Latin edition was Mikveh Israel, hoc est Spes Israelis. The Hebrew part of this full Latin name is taken from Jeremiah 14:8, as Menasseh explains in the introduction to the Spanish version. The English version was first published by Moses Wall in London only in 1652.Cf. Méchoulan and Nahon, op. cit., pp. 60-62.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Crome, Andrew (2014). The Restoration of the Jews: Early Modern Hermeneutics, Eschatology, and National Identity in the Works of Thomas Brightman. Springer. ISBN 9783319047614. p.192-194
- ^ Sachar, Howard M. (1994). Farewell Espana: The World of the Sephardim Remembered p.313. Knopf Doubleday. ISBN 9780804150538
- ^ Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901)
- ^ Wilensky, M. The Royalist Position concerning the Readmission of Jews to England. The Jewish Quarterly Review. New Series. 1951, 41 (4): 397–409. JSTOR 1453207. doi:10.2307/1453207.
- ^ Manasseh ben Israel, 'The Hope of Israel' (London 1652), printed in Lucien Wolf (ed.), Manasseh ben Israel's Mission to Oliver Cromwell (London 1901), p.50-51.Noted in Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, p.246
- ^ The diary of John Evelyn ed. Bray, William. (1901). Archive.org p.307
- ^ Katz, David S. (1989). Menasseh Ben Israel's Christian Connection: Henry Jessey and the Jews pps. 117-119 in eds. Kaplan, Yosef; Popkin, Richard Henry; Mechoulan, Henry Menasseh Ben Israel and His World, BRILL, ISBN 9789004091146
- ^ Graetz, Heinrich (2009). History of the Jews: From the Chmielnicki Persecution of the Jews in Poland (1648 C. E.) to the Period of Emancipation in Cent. Cosimo. ISBN 9781605209494. p. 49.
- ^ Palache, Samuel (archive card number 15226). Dutch Jewry. [30 August 2016]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-25).
- ^ Begraafplaats Ouderkerk a/d Amstel - Menasseh Ben Israel. Dutch Jewry. [8 September 2016]. (原始内容存档于2023-12-17).
外部链接
- Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) entry on Menasseh Ben Israel by Joseph Jacobs
- Encyclopaedia Judaica (2007) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) entry on "Manasseh (Menasseh) Ben Israel" by Cecil Roth and A.K. Offenberg (2nd ed.)
- Digital collection of books and letters related to Menasseh Ben Israel (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Short biography of Menasseh Ben Israel (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Hope of Israel (Vilnius, 1836 in the original Hebrew text) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) online at Hebrewbooks.org
- Manasseh ben Israel as a printer Rare Books of the Shimeon Brisman Collection in Jewish Studies, Washington University
- Rabbi Menashe Ben Israel: The Chacham Who Opened England to Jews (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by Rabbi Menachem Levine