皮肤感染

皮肤感染(英语:Skin infection)是指人类或其他动物皮肤受到感染。皮肤感染不仅会影响皮肤,它还会影响相关的软组织,例如蜂窝组织黏膜[來源請求]皮肤感染包括一类称为皮肤和皮肤结构感染(SSSI)(也称为皮肤和软组织感染(SSTI)[1]或急性细菌性SSSI(ABSSSI))的感染。[2]皮肤感染不同于皮炎(发生在皮肤的炎症),[3][4]虽然皮肤感染可能导致皮炎。[5]

成因

细菌

 
蜂窝组织炎示例,左腿3+水肿

2013年,细菌性皮肤感染影响了约1.55亿人,而其中蜂窝组织炎约有6亿人感染。[6]常见的细菌性皮肤感染包括:

真菌

真菌性皮肤感染可能表现为皮肤、毛发指甲的浅表或深层感染。足菌肿是一大类真菌感染,其特征是起源于足部的皮肤和皮下组织。[18]如果没有及时进行适当地治疗,足菌肿感染可以扩展到更深的组织,如骨骼关节,导致骨髓炎[19]广泛的骨髓炎可能需要手术切除骨甚至下肢截肢。[19]截止至2010年,它们影响了全球约10亿人。[20]常见的真菌性皮肤感染包括:

  • 皮肤癣菌病,也称为,是由几种不同种类的真菌引起的皮肤浅表真菌感染。引起人类皮肤感染的真菌属包括毛癣菌属表皮癣菌属小孢癣菌属[21]虽然皮肤癣菌病是世界范围内相当常见的真菌性皮肤感染,但它在湿度环境温度高的地区更为普遍。[21]据估计,全世界大约20至25%的人受到浅表真菌感染的影响,其中皮肤癣菌病占主导地位。[22]
  • 口腔念珠菌病,通常称为鹅口疮,是一种主要由白色念珠菌引起的真菌感染,它主要影响口腔和舌头的黏膜。[23]白色念珠菌约占口腔念珠菌病病例的95%。[23]这种真菌是正常口腔菌群的一部分,只有当宿主免疫系统和微生物群屏障受损时才会引起感染,从而为白色念珠菌提供过度生长的机会。[24]据估计,全世界每年约有200万人受到口腔念珠菌病的影响。[25]
  • 甲癣是一种真菌感染,主要影响脚趾甲。[26]两种最常见的甲癣病原体是须癣毛癣菌红色毛癣菌[26]常见的体征和症状包括指甲变色和增厚、指甲与甲床分离以及指甲变脆。[27]北美,甲癣的患病率在8.7%到13.8%之间。[27]

寄生虫

寄生虫性皮肤感染是由几个生物门引起的,包括环节动物门节肢动物门外肛动物门脊索动物门刺胞动物门蓝藻门棘皮动物门线虫动物门扁形动物门原生动物门[28]

病毒

这些强制性的细胞内制剂引起的与病毒有关的皮肤病源于DNARNA病毒。[29]常见的病毒性皮肤感染包括:

参考文献

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