鲤科

鲤形目的一科鱼类
(重定向自美洲拟鱥属

鲤科鲤形目下种类最多的一个科,包括约200有效属、约2000现生种[1][2](具体数目随着新发现及相关各科定义的变化,在有关专家学者当中未有定论)。中国共有约132属532种和亚种,其中包括鯉魚鯽魚等常見魚類。此科魚的特徵是有鱼鬚、有咽齒脂鰭。鲤科一族分布于欧亚大陆、北美、非洲。最大的鲤鱼—巨暹罗鲤Catlocarpio siamensis)可以长到3米长,300公斤。黄鳍结鱼Tor putitora),可以长到2.75米長,54公斤。結魚Tor tor),可以长到2米長,9公斤。在北美分支中的尖頭葉唇魚Ptychocheilus lucius)单体记录为1.8米长,45公斤。

鲤科
化石时期:始新世至现代
麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 辐鳍鱼綱 Actinopteri
目: 鲤形目 Cypriniformes
亚目: 鲤亚目 Cyprinoidei
科: 鲤科 Cyprinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
亞科

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与之相对的,有很多种类的体长不足5厘米。透體小鿕发育成熟后体长仅11毫米,而2006年發現的微鯉更僅有7.9毫米。鲤科的所有成员均为卵生,大部分不保护他们的卵。但是,有一些种类建鱼窝或护卵。鰟鮍類的鱼會将卵产于贝类体内,新生的小鱼直到有能力生存后才离开寄主。

特徵

本科魚外觀體型差異極大。一般為紡錘形或長形,側扁或稍側扁,口由前上頷骨與下頷骨組成,能伸縮。上下頷皆無齒,但由最後一對鰓之腹面特化成1至3行咽頭齒,每行少於8枚齒,與頭骨腹面的角質後墊形成咀嚼構造。通常具有1至2對鬚或無鬚。背鰭1枚,其前部有2至4根不分枝鰭條,腹鰭腹位,尾鰭叉形或深叉形。體被圓鱗,少數種類鱗片變小或退化。腹鰭基部一般均具有狹長腋鱗。

分類

鯉科下分约200有效属,如下:

曲鯉屬Aaptosyax

棒花魚屬Abbottina

刺鮈屬Acanthogobio

  • 刺鮈 Acanthogobio guentheri

坦噶尼喀魮屬Acapoeta

光唇魚屬Acrossocheilus

梭短吻魚屬Albulichthys

鈍齒魚屬Amblypharyngodon

鈍吻魮屬Amblyrhynchichthys

近金线鲃属Anchicyclocheilus

異鮰屬Aspidoparia

扁吻魚屬Aspiorhynchus

Aspius

管臀魚屬Aulopyge

袋唇魚屬Balantiocheilos

孟加拉鯪屬Bangana

髯魮屬Barbichthys

  • 光髯魮 Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, 1842),基异名:Barbus laevis Valenciennes, 1842

四鬚鲃屬Barbodes

擬四鬚魮屬Barboides

四鬚魮屬Barbonymus

小髯魮屬Barbopsis

魮屬Barbus

低線鱲屬Barilius

似䱻屬(Belligobio

Betadevario

Bhava

琵琶湖鮈屬Biwia

泰波魚屬Boraras

短波魚屬(Brevibora)

Brevibora Liao, Kullander & Fang, 2010[7]

瞎眼魮屬Caecobarbus

盲鯉屬Caecocypris

二鬚魮屬Capoeta

Carasobarbus

鬚鯽屬Carassioides

鯽屬Carassius

卡特拉魮屬Catla

  • 卡特拉魮 Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822),为Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)的异名

印度鯉屬Catlocarpio

  • 巨暹罗鲤 Catlocarpio siamensis Boulenger, 1898:又稱暹羅印度鯉。[10]

沙昆鯉屬Chagunius

元寶鯿屬Chela

埃塞魚屬Chelaethiops

黃河魚屬Chuanchia

鯪屬Cirrhinus

Clypeobarbus

褶吻鲮属Cophecheilus

裂口鬚魮屬Coptostomabarbus

銅魚屬Coreius

高麗雅羅魚屬Coreoleuciscus

方口魮屬Cosmochilus

穗唇魮屬Crossocheilus

也称纓魚屬

圓唇魚屬Cyclocheilichthys

似真小鯉屬Cyprinion

鯉屬Cyprinus

鿕屬Danio

也称斑馬魚屬

小鿕屬Danionella

大鿕屬Devario

也称大斑馬魚屬神鿕屬德瓦鿕屬

Diplocheilichthys

重唇魚屬Diptychus

盤齒魮屬Discherodontus

盤唇魚屬Discocheilus

盤鮈屬Discogobio

Discolabeo

連理鱥屬Eirmotus

鯷波魚屬Engraulicypris

因特鲃属Enteromius

角魚屬Epalzeorhynchus

長鬚鿕屬Esomus

Fangfangia英语Fangfangia

Folifer

  • 瓣結魚 Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881):又稱海南瓣結魚。

墨頭魚屬Garra

頜鬚鮈屬Gnathopogon

鮈屬Gobio

鰍鮀屬Gobiobotia

鮈鯽屬Gobiocypris

裸鯉屬Gymnocypris

裸重唇魚屬Gymnodiptychus

Haludaria

裂峽魮屬Hampala

䱻屬Hemibarbus

半線二鬚魮屬Hemigrammocapoeta

單吻魚屬Henicorhynchus

高原魚屬Herzensteinia

红水鱼属Hongshuia

霍氏魚屬Horadandia

霍氏唇魮屬Horalabiosa

高鬚魮屬Hypselobarbus

高鬚魚屬Hypsibarbus

非鯉屬Inlecypris

也稱茵萊湖鯉屬

  • 傑氏斑馬魚 Inlecypris jayarami (Barman, 1985):又稱薩爾溫江非鯉、雅氏茵萊湖鯉

伊朗盲鯉屬Iranocypris

婆羅鯉屬Kalimantania

  • 婆羅鯉 Kalimantania lawak (Bleeker, 1855),基异名为Systomus lawak Bleeker, 1855

Kosswigobarbus

科特拉魚屬(Kottelatia)

  • 布氏科特拉魚 Kottelatia brittani (Axelrod, 1976),基异名:Rasbora brittani Axelrod, 1976

野鯪屬(Labeo

Labeobarbus

長背魮屬Labiobarbus

Ladislavia

Laocypris

勞元寶鯿屬Laubuka= Laubuca

美臀魚屬Lepidopygopsis

細鬚魮屬Leptobarbus

瘦波魚屬Leptocypris

林氏鲃属Linichthys

準舌唇魚屬Lobocheilos

Longanalus

亮䰾屬Luciobarbus屬)

擬鱤屬Luciocyprinus

梭大口魚屬Luciosoma

Macrhybopsis

Malayochela

Megarasbora

湄公魚屬Mekongina

中鮈屬Mesogobio

Mesopotamichthys

小徳魚屬(Microdevario

也称小徳瓦鿕屬小大斑馬魚屬

小鰾鮈屬Microphysogobio

小波魚屬Microrasbora

長臀魮屬Mystacoleucus

Naziritor

線紋鯿屬Nematabramis

Neobarynotus

新波魚屬Neobola

新光唇魚屬Neolissochilus

擬細鯽屬Nicholsicypris

白甲魚屬Onychostoma

馬口波魚屬Opsaridium

真馬口波魚屬Opsarius

山魮屬Oreichthys

截頜鯉屬Ospatulus

骨鯿屬Osteobrama

骨紋唇魚屬Osteochilichthys

紋唇魚屬Osteochilus

尖裸鯉屬Oxygymnocypris

  • 斯氏尖裸鯉 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd, 1908),基异名:Schizopygopsis stewartii Lloyd, 1908

微鲤屬Paedocypris

Paracanthobrama

似刺鯿鮈屬Paracanthobrama

副繐唇魮屬Paracrossochilus

似白鮈屬Paraleucogobio

副裸吻魚屬Parapsilorhynchus

副細鯽屬Pararasbora

Pararhinichthys

Parasikukia

異華鯪屬Parasinilabeo

Paraspinibarbus

Parasqualidus

Parator

无须鲃属(Pethia)

密耙魚屬Pectenocypris

鱸鯉屬Percocypris

坑魚屬Phreatichthys

Placogobio

扁咽齒魚屬Platypharodon

片唇鮈屬Platysmacheilus

Plesiopuntius

頭孔無鬚魮屬Poropuntius

原魮屬Probarbus

原鯉屬Procypris

原野鯪屬Prolabeo

前眼野鯪屬Prolabeops

Protolabeo

擬魮屬Pseudobarbus

拟缨鱼屬Pseudocrossocheilus

似鮈屬Pseudogobio

泉水鱼属Pseudogyrinocheilus

擬扁吻鮈屬Pseudopungtungia

麥穗魚屬Pseudorasbora

擬金線魮屬(Pseudosinocyclocheilus

卷口魚屬Ptychidio

葉鬚魚屬Ptychobarbus

扁吻鮈屬Pungtungia

Puntigrus

魮鯉屬Puntioplites

無鬚魮屬Puntius

也称小䰾屬

Qianlabeo

長嘴鱲屬Raiamas

波魚屬Rasbora

類波魚屬(Rasboroides)

波體魚屬(Rasbosoma)

新耙波拉魚屬Rastrineobola

直口鯪屬Rectoris

吻鮈屬Rhinogobio

Rohanella属

露魮屬Rohtee

羅塔魮屬Rohteichthys

羅馬諾鮈屬Romanogobio

突吻鮈屬Rostrogobio

Sahyadria

鮭口波魚屬Salmostoma

薩納魚屬Sanagia

鰁屬Sarcocheilichthys

蛇鮈屬Saurogobio

閃光鱥屬Sawbwa

  • 閃光鱥 Sawbwa resplendens Annandale, 1918

鏟齒魚屬Scaphiodonichthys

類鏟頜魚屬Scaphognathops

裂吻魚屬Schismatorhynchos

裂鯉屬Schizocypris

裂臀魚屬Schizopyge

裸裂尻魚屬Schizopygopsis

裂腹魚屬Schizothorax

印度斧鯉屬Securicula

唇鯪屬Semilabeo

半泳鯉屬Semiplotus

短吻魚屬Sikukia

華鯪屬(Sinilabeo)

華纓魚屬Sinocrossocheilus

金線魮屬Sinocyclocheilus

也称金线鲃属

Snyderichthys

Speolabeo

斯普拉特鯉屬Spratellicypris

倒刺魮屬Spinibarbus

銀鮈屬Squalidus

Sundadanio

唐魚屬Tanichthys

Tanichthys Lin, 1932,也称邓鱼属

Tariqilabeo

蘆鯉屬Thryssocypris

似鮪雅羅魚屬Thynnichthys

丁鱥屬Tinca

結魚屬Tor

三菱波魚屬(Trigonopoma)

三角波魚屬Trigonostigma

Troglocyclocheilus

盲魮屬Typhlobarbus

盲墨頭魚屬Typhlogarra

突吻魚屬Varicorhinus

奇鬚鯉屬Xenobarbus

異鰾鰍鮀屬Xenophysogobio

鰩山鯉屬Yaoshanicus

經濟利用

本科魚為各國重要的垂釣種及養殖魚類,多數可食用,頗具經濟價值,是合各種烹飪方式。另外一些種類體色艷麗,適合做為觀賞魚。

本科魚類全部為淡水魚;不僅種類繁多,其分布也廣泛,各種水體皆有其分布。其食性也因魚種而不同,各種食性之魚種皆有。

注释

  1. ^ 方芳英语Fang Fang Kullander命名。方芳(Fang Fang Kullander),中国及瑞典鱼类学家,曾在中国科学院动物研究所瑞典国家自然历史博物馆从事淡水鱼类研究工作,2010年病逝于瑞典。鲤科两鱼类新种及鿕亚科新属方芳属英语Fangfangia是以她命名,以作纪念。
  2. ^ 秉志命名。
  3. ^ 张春霖命名。

参考文献

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