胡桃夹综合征
胡桃夹综合征
胡桃夹综合征(nutcracker syndrome,NCS),即左肾静脉压迫综合征,又称为胡桃夹现象,主要是由于左肾静脉受腹主动脉和肠系膜上动脉的压迫(有时也可以因为其他的原因引起)所出现的一系列症候群[1][2]。之所以以“胡桃夹”命名,是因为从矢状面看,腹主动脉和肠系膜上动脉看起来很像敲核桃(左肾静脉)的胡桃夹子。
胡桃夹综合征 Nutcracker syndrome | |
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胡桃夹综合征是由于位于主动脉和肠系膜上动脉之间的左肾静脉受压迫所致 | |
类型 | syndromic renal or urinary tract malformation[*]、rare abdominal surgical disease[*] |
分类和外部资源 | |
DiseasesDB | 32367 |
Orphanet | 71273 |
胡桃夹综合征有多种不同的临床表现,而且诊断标准定义不清晰,因此经常导致诊断延迟或错误[1]。胡桃夹综合征有时候会和肠系膜上动脉综合征相混淆,肠系膜上动脉综合征是由于腹主动脉和肠系膜上动脉压迫十二指肠水平部引起的症候群。
症状和体征
胡桃夹综合征最主要的症状是血尿(可导致贫血[3])和腹痛(典型的左腰部疼痛[4])
由于左侧性腺的静脉是通过左肾静脉回流,胡桃夹综合征也可以导致男性患者左侧睾丸疼痛[5],以及女性患者左下腹疼痛。胡桃夹综合征也可以导致蛋白尿的发生,发生的原因不明。内脏静脉压迫可以导致恶心和呕吐的发生[5]。
胡桃夹综合征有时也存在一些不常见的表现,如发生精索静脉曲张或下肢静脉曲张[6]。一项临床研究发现,在精索静脉曲张患者中经常可以发现胡桃夹综合征的存在。因此,胡桃夹综合征患者应该常规排除精索静脉曲张的存在[7]。
诊断
胡桃夹综合征可以通过下列方法进行诊断:
鉴别诊断
胡桃夹综合征需要和下列疾病鉴别:
治疗
胡桃夹综合征的治疗取决于病情轻重和症状的不同。治疗方法包括:
参考资料
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Kurklinsky A., Rooke T. Nutcracker Phenomenon and Nutcracker Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. June 2010, 85 (6): 552–559. PMC 2878259 . PMID 20511485. doi:10.4065/mcp.2009.0586.
- ^ Sugimoto I, Takashi O, Ishibashi H, Takeuchi N, Nagata Y, Honda Y. Left Renal Vein Entrapment Syndrome (Nutcracker Syndrome) treated with Left Renal Vein Transposition. Jnp J Vasc Surg. 2001, 10: 503–7. (原始内容存档于2005-11-25).
- ^ Oteki T, Nagase S, Hirayama A; et al. Nutcracker syndrome associated with severe anemia and mild proteinuria. Clin. Nephrol. July 2004, 62 (1): 62–5. PMID 15267016.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Barnes RW, Fleisher HL, Redman JF, Smith JW, Harshfield DL, Ferris EJ. Mesoaortic compression of the left renal vein (the so-called nutcracker syndrome): repair by a new stenting procedure. J. Vasc. Surg. October 1988, 8 (4): 415–21. PMID 3172376. doi:10.1067/mva.1988.avs0080415.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Hilgard P, Oberholzer K, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Hohenfellner R, Gerken G. [The "nutcracker syndrome" of the renal vein (superior mesenteric artery syndrome) as the cause of gastrointestinal complaints]. Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. July 1998, 123 (31–32): 936–40. PMID 9721569. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024101 (德语).
- ^ Little AF, Lavoipierre AM. Unusual clinical manifestations of the Nutcracker Syndrome. Australas Radiol. June 2002, 46 (2): 197–200 [2011-10-21]. PMID 12060163. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1673.2001.01037.x. (原始内容存档于2019-12-13).
- ^ Mohamadi A, Ghasemi-Rad M, Mladkova N, Masudi S. Varicocele and nutcracker syndrome: sonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med. August 2010, 29 (8): 1153–1160. PMID 20660448.[永久失效連結]
- ^ Takebayashi S, Ueki T, Ikeda N, Fujikawa A. Diagnosis of the nutcracker syndrome with color Doppler sonography: correlation with flow patterns on retrograde left renal venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. January 1999, 172 (1): 39–43. PMID 9888735.
- ^ Ahmed K, Sampath R, Khan MS. Current trends in the diagnosis and management of renal nutcracker syndrome: a review. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006, 31 (4): 410–6. PMID 16431142. doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.05.045.
- ^ Kaneko K, Kiya K, Nishimura K, et al. Nutcracker Phenomenon demonstrated by three-dimensional computed tomography. Pediatr Nephrol,2001,16:745-747.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Rudloff U, Holmes RJ, Prem JT, Faust GR, Moldwin R, Siegel D. Mesoaortic compression of the left renal vein (nutcracker syndrome): case reports and review of the literature. Ann Vasc Surg. January 2006, 20 (1): 120–9. PMID 16374539. doi:10.1007/s10016-005-5016-8.
外部链接
- Kimura K, Araki T. Images in clinical medicine. Nutcracker phenomenon. N. Engl. J. Med. July 1996, 335 (3): 171. PMID 8657215. doi:10.1056/NEJM199607183350305.