重复独立发现发明列表

维基媒体列表条目



历史学社会学上对于科学界「重复独立发现发明」的现象各有评论。罗伯特·金·莫顿将「重复发现」定义为各自独立开展研究的科学家得出相似的发现的情况。[1]「有些发现是同时的,或者几乎同时的;而有些科学家得出的新发现早在几年前就有人在他不知情的情况下捷足先登。」[2]

重复独立发现发明最常见的例子是微积分氧气进化论的发现及发明。微积分于17世纪由牛顿莱布尼茨等人各自独立发明[3];氧气于18世纪由舍勒普里斯特里拉瓦锡各自独立发现;进化论则是于19世纪,由达尔文华莱士分别独立提出。

然而,重复独立发现发明并非只限于科学研究的巨头之间。莫顿认为科学发现的常态应该是由多人独立发现,而不是由一个个人或团体独一无二地发现。[4]

莫顿还对比了「重复发现」与「独特发现」,「独特发现」是指单一的一位科学家或一组合作的科学家得出的发现。[5]

13世纪

 
哥白尼

14世纪

16世纪

 
伽利略

17世纪

 
牛顿
 
莱布尼茨

18世纪

19世纪

 
高斯
 
法拉第
 
罗巴切夫斯基
 
达尔文
 
门捷列夫
 
贝尔

20世纪

 
贝可勒尔
 
居里夫人
 
爱因斯坦
 
希格斯
 
彭齐亚斯
 
丁肇中

21世纪

 
珀尔马特, 里斯, 施密特

名言


— 「某些东西的时机一旦成熟,就会如雨后春笋般在不同的地方涌现。」[48] 鲍耶·法卡斯英语Farkas Bolyai规劝其子鲍耶·亚诺什尽快宣布非欧几何的发现
引自 Li & Vitanyi, An introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its Applications, 1st ed., p. 83.

参见

参考文献

引用

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    Levin emigrated to the U.S. in 1978.
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  48. ^ 原文:"When the time is ripe for certain things, these things appear in different places in the manner of violets coming to light in early spring."

书籍

外部链接