鈀的同位素
鈀(原子量:106.42)共有52個同位素,從90
Pd
到131
Pd
[2],在這些同位素中,有6個同位素是穩定的,其中有2個屬於觀測上穩定,理論上有放射性[3],天然存在的鈀也由這六種同位素構成,其中106
Pd
豐度最高,有27.33%、其次是108
Pd
佔26.46%,再來是105
Pd
佔22.33%、110
Pd
佔11.72%、104
Pd
佔11.14%、以及102
Pd
佔1.02%,其餘皆為放射性同位素,其中最穩定的是107
Pd
半衰期有650萬年,但並不存於自然界中,其次是103
Pd
,半衰期有17天,再來還有100
Pd
半衰期只有3天,其餘半衰期皆小於三十分鐘,除了101
Pd
(半衰期:8.47小時)、109
Pd
(半衰期:13.7小時)、和112
Pd
(半衰期:21小時)[4]。
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標準原子質量 (Ar, 標準) |
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鈀-103
鈀-103是鈀的一種人造放射性同位素,質量欠缺約為-87.4826 MeV、半衰期為16天[5],會經由电子俘获衰變為103
Rh
,並釋放能量為21 keV的伽马射线光子。鈀-103可使用粒子回旋加速器從鈀-102或銠-103來制備。
鈀-103有一種核同質異能素,103m
Pd
,激發能量為784.79 keV,但半衰期十分短,只有25奈秒[6]。
鈀-107
项: 单位: |
t½ Ma |
产额 % |
Q* KeV |
βγ * |
---|---|---|---|---|
99Tc | 0.211 | 6.1385 | 294 | β |
126Sn | 0.230 | 0.1084 | 4050 | βγ |
79Se | 0.295 | 0.0447 | 151 | β |
135Cs | 1.33 | 6.9110 | 269 | β |
93Zr | 1.53 | 5.4575 | 91 | βγ |
107Pd | 6.5 | 1.2499 | 33 | β |
129I | 15.7 | 0.8410 | 194 | βγ |
鈀-107是一種鈀的放射性同位素,帶61個中子,是除了穩定以及觀測上穩定的同位素之外最穩定的鈀同位素,半衰期長達六百五十萬年[5],也是鈀的放射性同位素中,放射性最弱的同位素,半衰能量只有33 KeV, 比放射能也只有 5×10−5 Ci/g,在七個長壽命裂變產物中亦然,会經過純β衰變、不釋放伽瑪射線,衰變成银-107。
107
Pd
是107
Ag
的衰變產物,首次於1978年[8]在1976年的聖克拉拉隕石[9]中發現。雖然鈀-107具有很長的半衰期,但實際上並未存於自然界中,也不是痕量元素。此外,鈀-107除了基態之外還有兩種核同質異能素:107m1
Pd
、107m2
Pd
,但半衰期都落在一分鐘以下[6]。
鈀-107從鈾-235利用熱中子誘發裂變每次裂變的產率只有0.1629%,其他有1/4的碘-129、1/40的鎝-99、鋯-93和銫-135,而從鈾-233的誘發裂變的產量較低,但從鈽-239的誘發裂變的產量則高很多,有3.3%,在快速裂變或較重的原子核裂變中,通常會有比較高的產量。
根據含有鈀的裂變產物[10]104Pd (16.9%)、105Pd (29.3%)、106Pd (21.3%)、107Pd (17%)、108Pd (11.7%)和110Pd (3.8%),也有其他文獻指出,經由鈾-235裂變產生的鈀-107有9.2%、從鈾-233的有11.8%,而從鈽-239的有20.4%。
圖表
符號 | Z | N | 同位素質量(u)[11] [n 1][n 2] |
半衰期 [n 1][n 2] |
衰變 方式[6] |
衰變 產物 [n 3] |
原子核 自旋[n 1] |
相對豐度 (莫耳分率)[n 2] |
相對豐度 的變化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激發能量[n 1][n 2] | |||||||||
91Pd | 46 | 45 | 90.94911(61)# | 10# ms [>1.5 µs] | β+ | 91Rh | 7/2+# | ||
92Pd | 46 | 46 | 91.94042(54)# | 1.1(3) s [0.7(+4-2) s] | β+ | 92Rh | 0+ | ||
93Pd | 46 | 47 | 92.93591(43)# | 1.07(12) s | β+ | 93Rh | (9/2+) | ||
93mPd | 0+X keV | 9.3(+25-17) s | |||||||
94Pd | 46 | 48 | 93.92877(43)# | 9.0(5) s | β+ | 94Rh | 0+ | ||
94mPd | 4884.4(5) keV | 530(10) ns | (14+) | ||||||
95Pd | 46 | 49 | 94.92469(43)# | 10# s | β+ | 95Rh | 9/2+# | ||
95mPd | 1860(500)# keV | 13.3(3) s | β+ (94.1%) | 95Rh | (21/2+) | ||||
IT (5%) | 95Pd | ||||||||
β+, p (.9%) | 94Ru | ||||||||
96Pd | 46 | 50 | 95.91816(16) | 122(2) s | β+ | 96Rh | 0+ | ||
96mPd | 2530.8(1) keV | 1.81(1) µs | 8+ | ||||||
97Pd | 46 | 51 | 96.91648(32) | 3.10(9) min | β+ | 97Rh | 5/2+# | ||
98Pd | 46 | 52 | 97.912721(23) | 17.7(3) min | β+ | 98Rh | 0+ | ||
99Pd | 46 | 53 | 98.911768(16) | 21.4(2) min | β+ | 99Rh | (5/2)+ | ||
100Pd | 46 | 54 | 99.908506(12) | 3.63(9) d | ε | 100Rh | 0+ | ||
101Pd | 46 | 55 | 100.908289(19) | 8.47(6) h | β+ | 101Rh | 5/2+ | ||
102Pd | 46 | 56 | 101.905609(3) | 觀測上穩定[n 4] | 0+ | 0.0102(1) | |||
103Pd[n 5] | 46 | 57 | 102.906087(3) | 16.991(19) d | ε | 103Rh | 5/2+ | ||
103mPd | 784.79(10) keV | 25(2) ns | 11/2- | ||||||
104Pd | 46 | 58 | 103.904036(4) | 稳定 | 0+ | 0.1114(8) | |||
105Pd[n 6] | 46 | 59 | 104.905085(4) | 稳定 | 5/2+ | 0.2233(8) | |||
106 Pd [n 6] |
46 | 60 | 105.903486(4) | 稳定 | 0+ | 0.2733(3) | |||
107Pd[n 7] | 46 | 61 | 106.905133(4) | 6.5(3)×106 a | β− | 107Ag | 5/2+ | ||
107m1Pd | 115.74(12) keV | 0.85(10) µs | 1/2+ | ||||||
107m2Pd | 214.6(3) keV | 21.3(5) s | IT | 107Pd | 11/2- | ||||
108Pd[n 6] | 46 | 62 | 107.903892(4) | 稳定 | 0+ | 0.2646(9) | |||
109Pd[n 6] | 46 | 63 | 108.905950(4) | 13.7012(24) h | β− | 109mAg | 5/2+ | ||
109m1Pd | 113.400(10) keV | 380(50) ns | 1/2+ | ||||||
109m2Pd | 188.990(10) keV | 4.696(3) min | IT | 109Pd | 11/2- | ||||
110Pd[n 6] | 46 | 64 | 109.905153(12) | 觀測上穩定[n 8] | 0+ | 0.1172(9) | |||
111Pd | 46 | 65 | 110.907671(12) | 23.4(2) min | β− | 111mAg | 5/2+ | ||
111mPd | 172.18(8) keV | 5.5(1) h | IT | 111Pd | 11/2- | ||||
β− | 111mAg | ||||||||
112Pd | 46 | 66 | 111.907314(19) | 21.03(5) h | β− | 112Ag | 0+ | ||
113Pd | 46 | 67 | 112.91015(4) | 93(5) s | β− | 113mAg | (5/2+) | ||
113mPd | 81.1(3) keV | 0.3(1) s | IT | 113Pd | (9/2-) | ||||
114Pd | 46 | 68 | 113.910363(25) | 2.42(6) min | β− | 114Ag | 0+ | ||
115Pd | 46 | 69 | 114.91368(7) | 25(2) s | β− | 115mAg | (5/2+)# | ||
115mPd | 89.18(25) keV | 50(3) s | β− (92%) | 115Ag | (11/2-)# | ||||
IT (8%) | 115Pd | ||||||||
116Pd | 46 | 70 | 115.91416(6) | 11.8(4) s | β− | 116Ag | 0+ | ||
117Pd | 46 | 71 | 116.91784(6) | 4.3(3) s | β− | 117mAg | (5/2+) | ||
117mPd | 203.2(3) keV | 19.1(7) ms | IT | 117Pd | (11/2-)# | ||||
118Pd | 46 | 72 | 117.91898(23) | 1.9(1) s | β− | 118Ag | 0+ | ||
119Pd | 46 | 73 | 118.92311(32)# | 0.92(13) s | β− | 119Ag | |||
120Pd | 46 | 74 | 119.92469(13) | 0.5(1) s | β− | 120Ag | 0+ | ||
121Pd | 46 | 75 | 120.92887(54)# | 400# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 121Ag | |||
122Pd | 46 | 76 | 121.93055(43)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 122Ag | 0+ | ||
123Pd | 46 | 77 | 122.93493(64)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] | β− | 123Ag | |||
124Pd | 46 | 78 | 123.93688(54)# | 100# ms [>300 ns] | 0+ | ||||
125Pd[12] | 46 | 79 | |||||||
126Pd[13][14] | 46 | 80 | 0+ | ||||||
126m1Pd | 2023 keV | 330 ns | IT | 126Pd | 5- | ||||
126m2Pd | 2110 keV | 440 ns | IT | 126m1Pd | 7- | ||||
128Pd[13][14] | 46 | 82 | 0+ | ||||||
128mPd | 2151 keV | 5.8 µs | IT | 128Pd | 8+ |
← | 同位素列表 | → |
銠的同位素 | 鈀的同位素 | 銀的同位素 |
参考文獻
- ^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
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- ^ WWW Table of Radioactive Isotopes.[失效連結]
- ^ Georges, Audi; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties. Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center). 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Winter, Mark. Isotopes of palladium. WebElements. The University of Sheffield and WebElements Ltd, UK. [4 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-17).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Universal Nuclide Chart . nucleonica. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-19).
- ^ Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ®). National Cancer Institute. 2014-04-08 [1 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-24).
- ^ Kelly, W. R.; Gounelle, G. J.; Hutchison, R. Evidence for the existence of 107Pd in the early solar system. Geophysical Research Letters. 1978, 359 (1787): 1079–1082. Bibcode:2001RSPTA.359.1991R. doi:10.1098/rsta.2001.0893.
- ^ Mexico's Meteorites (PDF). mexicogemstones.com. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-05-06).
- ^ Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from High Level Radioactive Waste (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) POSSIBILITIES OF SEPARATION AND USE RE-EVALUATED By R. P. Bush AEA Technology, Harwell Laboratory, Oxfordshire, England, Platinum Metals Rev., 1991, 35, (4), 202-208 [2015-9-16]
- ^ Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- ^ Future Plan of the Experimental Program on Synthesizing the Heaviest Element at RIKEN (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Kosuke Morita
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Isomers in 128Pd and 126Pd: Evidence for a Robust Shell Closure at the Neutron Magic Number 82 in Exotic Palladium Isotopes; Physical Review Letters, 11/29/2013. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-01).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Experiments on neutron-rich atomic nuclei could help scientists to understand nuclear reactions in exploding stars; physorg.com, 11/29/2013. [2015-09-16]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-26).
延伸閱讀
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005)(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.