长颈龙属 (恐龙)

长颈龙属; 化石时期：晚三叠世，225 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ▼
	复原图
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	脊索动物门 Chordata
纲：	蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目：	恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目：	蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目：	†蜥脚形亚目 Sauropodomorpha
科：	†黑水龙科 Unaysauridae
属：	†长颈龙属 Macrocollum; Müller et al., 2018
模式種
	†伊氏长颈龙; Macrocollum itaquii; Müller et al., 2018

长颈龙（属名：Macrocollum）是黑水龙科蜥脚形亚目恐龙的一个属，生存于晚三叠世（诺利阶早期）的巴西，是已知最古老的恐龙之一。^[1]

发现

长颈龙于2012年在巴西南里奥格兰德州烛台组（英语：Candelária Formation, Paraná Basin）的瓦赫霍茲（Wachholz）地区发现，^[2]并在2018年12月21日的一场新闻发布会上公布。属名取自希腊语μακρός（长的）和拉丁语collum（颈），指该动物修长的颈部。种名致敬圣玛丽亚联邦大学古生物研究中心（Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia of the Federal University of Santa Maria，缩写：CAPPA/UFSM）的主要创办者之一约瑟·伊塔基（José Jerundino Machado Itaqui）。^[1]

描述

像大多数早期恐龙一样，长颈龙体型较小、双足步行。

伊氏长颈龙骨骼重建，已知材料为白色，未知材料为暗灰色。

已知长颈龙遗骸保存相对完好。正模标本由几乎完整、关节连接的骨骼组成。两个副模标本（英语：Paratype）皆为关节连接的骨骼，其中一个缺少颅骨及颈椎序列。^[1]在研究沉积挤压作用对早期蜥脚形亚目髂骨形态的埋藏学影响时，使用副模标本之一（CAPPA/UFSM 0001b）的髂骨作为模型。^[3]

长颈龙可根据独特特征组合（如颅骨）区别于所有其它已知蜥脚形亚目，包括被前颌窗（英语：Fenestra）穿透的眶前窝（英语：Fossa (anatomy)）及额骨／顶骨骨缝（英语：Fibrous joint#sutures）处具有简单平滑曲线的颞上窝内缘。^[1]

分类

长颈龙与加卡帕里龙和黑水龙皆被发现属于黑水龙科。^[1]

古生态学

长颈龙生存于大约2.542至2.25亿年前的晚三叠世诺利阶，发现化石的巴西南部当时与非洲西北部相连。这段时间地球大部分陆地融合为超大陆盘古大陆，并分裂成北方的劳亚古陆和南方的冈瓦纳古陆。^[4]^[5]铀－铅（铀衰变）测年发现靠近模式产地的卡图里塔组（英语：Caturrita Formation）可追溯至大约2.542亿年前，比发现最早期恐龙的圣玛丽亚组（英语：Santa Maria Formation）和伊斯基瓜拉斯托组（英语：Ischigualasto Formation）年轻不到1000万年。^[6]

参考资料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rodrigo Temp Müller; Max Cardoso Langer; Sérgio Dias-da-Silva. An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs. Biology Letters. 2018, 14 (11): 20180633. PMC 6283919  . PMID 30463923. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633.
^ Müller, Rodrigo Temp; da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Roberto da Silva, Lúcio; Aires, Alex Sandro Schiller; Pacheco, Cristian Pereira; Pavanatto, Ane Elise Branco; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Wachholz, a new exquisite dinosaur-bearing fossiliferous site from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. August 2015, 61: 120–128. Bibcode:2015JSAES..61..120M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.10.009.
^ Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva; Da-Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Under pressure: Effect of sedimentary compression on the iliac morphology of early sauropodomorphs. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. December 2018, 88: 345–351. Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..345M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.09.005.
^ Leal, L.A.; Azevodo, S.A.K.; Kellner, A.A.W.; da Rosa, A.A.S. A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil (PDF). Zootaxa. 2004, 690: 1–24 [2022-05-28]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-24）.
^ Soares, M.B.; Schultz, C.L.; Horn, B.L.D. New information on Riograndia guaibensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001 (Eucynodontia, Tritheledontidae) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil: anatomical and biostratigraphic implications. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2011, 83 (1): 329–354. ISSN 0001-3765. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100021  .
^ Langer, M.C.; Ramezani, J.; Da Rosa, Á.A.S. U-Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil. Gondwana Research. 2018, X (18): 133–140. Bibcode:2018GondR..57..133L. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2018.01.005.

[Muller2018-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Rodrigo Temp Müller; Max Cardoso Langer; Sérgio Dias-da-Silva. An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs. Biology Letters. 2018, 14 (11): 20180633. PMC 6283919  . PMID 30463923. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633.

[2] Müller, Rodrigo Temp; da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Roberto da Silva, Lúcio; Aires, Alex Sandro Schiller; Pacheco, Cristian Pereira; Pavanatto, Ane Elise Branco; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Wachholz, a new exquisite dinosaur-bearing fossiliferous site from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. August 2015, 61: 120–128. Bibcode:2015JSAES..61..120M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.10.009.

[3] Müller, Rodrigo Temp; Garcia, Maurício Silva; Da-Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio. Under pressure: Effect of sedimentary compression on the iliac morphology of early sauropodomorphs. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. December 2018, 88: 345–351. Bibcode:2018JSAES..88..345M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2018.09.005.

[leal-4] Leal, L.A.; Azevodo, S.A.K.; Kellner, A.A.W.; da Rosa, A.A.S. A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paraná Basin, Brazil (PDF). Zootaxa. 2004, 690: 1–24 [2022-05-28]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-24）.

[Soares-5] Soares, M.B.; Schultz, C.L.; Horn, B.L.D. New information on Riograndia guaibensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro, 2001 (Eucynodontia, Tritheledontidae) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil: anatomical and biostratigraphic implications. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2011, 83 (1): 329–354. ISSN 0001-3765. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100021  .

[langer18-6] Langer, M.C.; Ramezani, J.; Da Rosa, Á.A.S. U-Pb age constraints on dinosaur rise from south Brazil. Gondwana Research. 2018, X (18): 133–140. Bibcode:2018GondR..57..133L. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2018.01.005.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]