埃爾金石雕
埃爾金石雕(英語:Elgin Marbles),另譯帕特农石雕(英語:Parthenon Marbles),是古希臘時期雕塑家菲狄亚斯及其助手創作的一組大理石雕,原藏於帕特农神庙和雅典衛城的其他建築中[1][2]。
埃爾金石雕 Elgin Marbles | |
---|---|
藝術家 | 菲狄亚斯 |
年份 | c. 447–438 BC |
類型 | 大理石 |
尺寸 | 75米(247 ft) |
收藏地 | 倫敦 |
藏主 | 大英博物館 |
1801年第七代埃爾金伯爵湯瑪斯·布魯斯从當時統治者希臘的奧斯曼帝國高門那裡獲得許可[3],將這些浮雕陸續從希臘運往英國。當時英國輿論對此有所爭議,而反對者中,詩人拜倫就直斥此舉形同搶劫[4][5][6][7]。英國議會在一番爭辯之後[8],決定不追訴埃爾金的行為,而埃爾金則在1816年將這些石雕賣給了英國政府,最後藏於大英博物館[9]。
1832年希臘獨立之後,希臘政府開始追索這些失去的石雕[10][11],多次要求英國政府物歸原主。2014年聯合國教科文組織從中協調,但最終大英博物館方面仍然拒絕歸還埃爾金石雕。[12][13][14]
收购
1798年11月,埃尔金侯爵获封英王遣土耳其苏丹大使(Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Britannic Majesty to the Sublime Porte of Selim III, Sultan of Turkey),临走前他询问英国政府是否有意雇佣一些艺术家临摹帕特农神庙的雕塑,但收到了令人沮丧的回复。[15]
于是他自己出资雇佣了乔凡尼·巴蒂斯塔·鲁西埃里在内的一批艺术家[15]。虽然一开始他只是想临摹一些神庙里的雕塑作品,但随即发现神庙的保护状况相当糟糕,很多大理石雕被当地人拿走烧成了石灰以建造其他建筑[15]。于是1801年埃尔金决定将帕特农神庙的雕塑搬回英国。[16]
1812年整个搬迁项目完工,总共花去了他7万英镑[17]。他本想用它们来装饰自己在邓弗姆林的家,但由于和妻子离婚引发个人经济危机,所以不得不把这些石雕卖掉还债[18]。他以不足7万镑的价格将其卖给大英博物馆,拒绝了出价更高的拿破仑等人。[16]
參考文獻
- ^ What are the 'Elgin Marbles'?. britishmuseum.org. [2009-05-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-20).
- ^ Elgin Marbles – Greek sculpture. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2009-05-12]. (原始内容存档于2008-06-05).
- ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles. Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons on the Earl of Elgin's collection of sculptured marbles. London: Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co. 1816.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, The Acropolis, p.6/20, 2008, O.Ed.
- ^ Linda Theodorou; Dana Facaros. Greece (Cadogan Country Guides). Cadogan Guides. 2003: 55. ISBN 1-86011-898-4.
- ^ Dyson, Stephen L. Eugenie Sellers Strong: portrait of an archaeologist. London: Duckworth. 2004. ISBN 0-7156-3219-1.
- ^ Mark Ellingham, Tim Salmon, Marc Dubin, Natania Jansz, John Fisher, Greece: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, 1992,ISBN 1-85828-020-6, p.39
- ^ Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the Earl of Elgin's Collection of Sculptured Marbles, Printed for J. Murray, by W. Bulmer and Co., 1816. Google ebook. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-08).
- ^ The Parthenon Sculptures: The position of the Trustees of the British Museum. British Museum. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-27).
- ^ The Background of the Removal. Greek Ministry of Culture. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-28).
- ^ Acropolis, Athens. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-11).
- ^ UNESCO Letter to British Government for the return of Parthenon's Marbles. UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2014-10-19).
- ^ UK has not written back to UNESCO Letter (PDF). UNESCO. [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-15).
- ^ Elgin Marbles: UK declines mediation over Parthenon sculptures. BBC News. [2015-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-06).
- ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Casey, Christopher. "Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism. Foundations. Volume III, Number 1. 30 October 2008 [2009-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-13).
- ^ 16.0 16.1 King, Dorothy. Elgin Marbles: fact or fiction?. London: The Guardian. 2004-07-21 [2009-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-19).
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineElgin Marbles. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2011-04-18]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-02).
- ^ As reported by John E. Simmons in: Museums: A History, chapter 7, Rowman & Littlefield, 07.07.2016 - 326 pages
擴展閱讀
- Beard, Mary. The Parthenon 2nd. Profile Books. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84668-349-7.
- Fehlmann, Marc. Casts and Connoisseurs: the early reception of the Elgin Marbles. Apollo. June 2007: 44–51 [2018-04-15]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-06).
- Greenfield, Jeanette. The Return of Cultural Treasures 3rd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 9780521802161.
- Hitchens, Christopher. Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles. London: Chatto and Windus. 1987. ISBN 978-0-8090-4189-3. (with essays by Robert Browning and Graham Binns)
- Jenkins, Ian. The Parthenon Frieze. London: British Museum Press. 1994. ISBN 9780714122007.
- Jenkins, Tiffany. Keeping Their Marbles: how the treasures of the past ended up in museums – and why they should stay there. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2016. ISBN 9780199657599.
- King, Dorothy. The Elgin Marbles. London: Hutchinson. 2006. ISBN 978-0-09-180013-0.
- Queyrel, François. Le Parthénon, Un monument dans l'Histoire. Paris: Bartillat. 2008 [2018-04-15]. ISBN 978-2-84100-435-5. (原始内容存档于2008-09-29).
- St Clair, William. Lord Elgin and the Marbles 4th. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0192880535.
- Titi, Catharine. The Parthenon Marbles and International Law. Springer. 2023. ISBN 978-3-031-26356-9.
外部連結
- 开放目录项目中的“Parthenon”
- Acropolis Museum (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The Parthenon Frieze(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The British Museum Parthenon pages (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- An interpretation of the meaning of the Marbles
- Location of the parts of the Parthenon around the world(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Greek pupils demand return of Elgin Marbles (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) BBC