维基百科

Help:阿拉伯語國際音標

下表為阿拉伯語發音在維基百科中用國際音標（IPA）表示的方式。

符號 英語近似發音 阿拉伯語字母 羅馬字轉寫 注释
A–B
a father，但更短暫 َ ‎ a e [a]
aː father ا‎ ى‎ ā aa a [b]
aw /a/+/w/ و‎ aw au o [c]
b bee ب‎ b [d]
D
d deal د‎ d [e]
dˤ 重音 /d/，

接近於dark

ض‎ ḍ [f][e]
dʒ jam ج‎ j ǧ dj [g]
ð these ذ‎ dh ḏ [h]
ðˤ 重音 /ð/ ظ‎ ẓ [f][i]
E
eː bay ي‎ ay ey ai ei e [j]
F–H
f father ف‎ f [k]
h he ه‎ h
ħ 沒有對等的發音 ح‎ ḥ [l]
I–K
ɪ sit[1] ِ ‎ i e [m]
iː machine ي‎ ī ee i [n]
j yes ي‎ y
k skin ك‎ k [o]
L–N
l lease （公認發音） ل‎ l
ɫ tool l [p]
m me م‎ m
n no ن‎ n
O–R
θ think ث‎ th ṯ [h]
q 比較接近scar，但在小舌爆破而非在軟腭 ق‎ q g [q]
r 比較接近 ray ر‎ r [r]
S
s see س‎ s
sˤ 重音 /s/，

比較接近massage

ص‎ ṣ [f]
ʃ she ش‎ sh š ch
T–W
t stik ت‎（有时为ة‎） t [e][o]
tˤ 重音 /t/，

比較接近 star

ط‎ ṭ [f][e]
u put ُ ‎ u o ou [s]
uː rule و‎ ū oo ou u [t]
w we و‎ w
X–Z
x 蘇格蘭英語 loch，

西班牙語 jota

خ‎ kh ḫ [u]
ɣ 西班牙語 fuego，

法語 parler

غ‎ gh ġ [v]
z zoo ز‎ z
其他
ʔ uh-oh!中的停頓 ء‎ ʾ ’ ' [w]
ʕ 沒有對等發音 ع‎ ʿ ‘ ' ` [x][y]
θ 见O–R
ˈ [ˈkiːwi] كيوي‎ 'kiwi' 表示下面的字母發重音

例如 /ˈʕarabiː/.

ː [kiːs] كيس‎ 'sack' 表示前面的元音延長

註釋

  1. ^ http://www.madinaharabic.com/Arabic_Reading_Course/Lessons/L000_002.html
  1. ^ Allophones of /a/ include [ɑ] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r] and [æ] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
  2. ^ Allophones of /aː/ include [ɑː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r]; and [æː] elsewhere (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
  3. ^ In colloquial pronunciation, /aw/ may be realized as [oː]~[ɔː] may occur (Al-Ani 2008，第595頁; Kaye 1997，第198頁).
  4. ^ The letter ب‎ may represent [p] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written پ‎) as well as before voiceless consonants (Kaye 1997，第193頁).
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 /d dˤ t tˤ/ are realized as either dental, denti-alveolar or alveolar (Al-Ani 2008，第597頁).
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Emphatic consonants may be equally pharyngealized or velarized (Al-Ani 2008，第599頁; Kaye 1997，第193頁).
  7. ^ The letter ج‎ is pronounced as [ɡ] in Egypt, [ʒ] in the Levant and Maghreb (Al-Ani 2008，第598頁; Gairdner 1925，第23頁).
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 In non-standard pronunciations, /θ/ and /ð/ may be pronounced as [s] and [z] (Gairdner 1925，第19, 81頁).
  9. ^ The letter ظ‎ is realized as [ðˤ] or [zˤ] (Al-Ani 2008，第601頁).
  10. ^ In colloquial pronunciation, [eː] may be realized as /aj/~[ɛː] (Al-Ani 2008，第595頁; Kaye 1997，第198頁).
  11. ^ The letter ف‎ may represent [v] in foreign loanwords (sometimes written ڤ‎ or ڥ‎), and may be pronounced as well as before voiced consonants (Kaye 1997，第193頁).
  12. ^ /ħ/ is realized as [ħ] or [ʜ].
  13. ^ Allophones of /ɪ/ include [i]~[e] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
  14. ^ Allophones of /iː/ include [ɪː]~[ɨː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 /k/ is usually aspirated (Al-Ani 2008，第597–598頁).
  16. ^ [ɫ] only occurs in the word Allah: [ɑɫˈɫɑh] (Al-Ani 2008，第600頁; Kaye 1997，第196頁).
  17. ^ /q/ may be pronounced as [ʔ] in Egypt and the Levant, [ɡ] or [ɢ] in other dialects (Gairdner 1925，第26–27頁).
  18. ^ /r/ is either a trill [r] or flap [ɾ]. May be velarized or pharyngealized as well (Al-Ani 2008，第600頁).
  19. ^ Allophones of /u/ include [ʊ]~[ɤ]~[o] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
  20. ^ Allophones of /uː/ include [ʊː]~[ɤː]~[oː] before emphatic consonants and [q], [r], [ħ], [ʕ] (Al-Ani 2008，第595, 600頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第52–53頁; Kaye 1997，第193, 197頁).
  21. ^ /x/ is realized as [x] or [χ].
  22. ^ /ɣ/ is realized as [ɣ] or [ʁ] (Al-Ani 2008，第599頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第598頁; Gairdner 1925，第26頁).
  23. ^ /ʔ/ is usually written above or below three letters: أ‎, إ‎, آ‎, ئ‎, ؤ‎.
  24. ^ /ʕ/ is realized as [ʕ] or [ʔˤ] (Al-Ani 2008，第599頁; Thelwall & Sa'adeddin 1999，第51頁).
  25. ^ /ʢ/ Neither pharyngeal nor fricative, but is more correctly described as a creaky-voiced epiglottal approximant (Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168頁)).

参考资料

  • Al-Ani, Salman H. Phonetics. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics III. Brill. 2008: 593–603. 
  • Gairdner, W. H. T. The Phonetics of Arabic. Oxford University Press. 1925. 
  • Kaye, Alan S. Arabic phonology. Phonologies of Asia and Africa I. 1997: 187–204. 
  • Kaye, Alan S. Arabic. Comrie, Bernard (编). The World’s Major Languages (PDF) 2nd. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. 2009: 560–577. ISBN 978-0-415-35339-7. 
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World’s Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. 
  • Mitchell, T. F. Pronouncing Arabic I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1990. 
  • Thelwall, Robin; Sa'adeddin, M. Akram. Arabic. Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 1999: 51–54. 
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