User:ItMarki/数量级 (温度)
倍数 | 单位 | 项目 |
---|---|---|
0 | 0 K | 绝对零度:自由物体达到零點能量,不在热力学系统时不会产生相互作用 |
10−30 | 1 qK | |
10−18 | 1 aK | |
10−15 | 1 fK | |
10−12 | 1 pK | 38 pK:已知达到的最低温度,由铷製玻色–愛因斯坦凝態的物质波透镜产生。[1] 100 pK:最低温度记录,由铑金属的核自旋的冷却产生。.[2] 450 pK:实验室里达到的最低温度记录,为麻省理工学院中的钠製玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚气体达到的最低温度。[3] |
10−9 | 1 nK | 50 nK:钾-40的费米温度 碱金属玻色–爱因斯坦凝态的临界温度 |
10−6 | 1 μK | |
10−3 | 1 mK | 无线电波激发 1.7 mK:氦-3/氦-4稀释致冷的最低温度记录,也是用已知技巧可无限期维持的最低温度。 2.5 mK:氦-3的费米熔点 60 mK:顺磁性分子的绝热退磁 300 mK:氦-3的蒸发冷却 700 mK:氦-3/氦-4混合物出现相的分离 950 mK:氦在2.5 MPa下的熔点。所有118种元素在此温度或以下皆为固体。 微波激发 |
1 | 1 K | 1 K:回力棒星雲,已知最冷的自然环境 4.1 K:汞的超导转变温度 4.22 K:束缚氦的沸点 5.19 K:束缚氦的临界点 7.2 K:铅的超导转变温度 9.3 K:铌的超导转变温度 |
101 | 10 K | 超导现象中价电子的费米熔点 14.01 K:束缚氢的熔点 20.28 K:束缚氢的沸点 33 K:氢的临界点 44 K:冥王星的平均表面温度 53 K:海王星的平均表面温度 63 K:束缚氮的熔点 68 K:天王星的平均表面温度 77.35 K:束缚氮的沸点 90.19 K:束缚氧的沸点 92 K:Y–Ba–Cu–氧化物(YBCO)的超导转变温度 |
102 | 100 K | 红外线激发 134 K:常压下的最高温超导体(汞-钡-钙-铜氧化物) 165 K:过冷水的玻璃转化温度 184.0 K(–89.2 °C):地球上录得最低的气温 192 K:冰的德拜温度 273.15 K(0 °C):束缚水的熔 273.16 K (0.01 °C):水的三相点温度 ~293 K:室温 373.15 K(100 °C),海平面上束缚水的沸点 647 K:过热水临界点 737.5 K:金星的平均表面温度 (参见以下详表) |
103 | 1 kK | Visible light excitations 500–2200 K on brown dwarfs (photosphere) 1043 K Curie temperature of iron (point at which iron transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic behavior and loses any permanent magnetism) 1170 K at wood fire 1300 K in lava flows, open flames 1500 K in basalt lava flows ~1670 K at blue candle flame 1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel) 1830 K in Bunsen burner flame 1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive 2022 K, boiling point of lead 2074 K, surface temperature of the coolest star, 2MASS J0523-1403 |
104 | 10 kK | 10 kK on Sirius A 10–15 kK in mononitrogen recombination 15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten 25 kK, mean of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang 26 kK on white dwarf Sirius B 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth 29 kK on surface of Alnitak (easternmost star of Orion's belt) 4–8–40–160 kK on white dwarfs 30–400 kK on a planetary nebula's asymptotic giant helium star 36 kK boundary between inner and outer core within Jupiter 37 kK in proton–electron reactions 38 kK on Eta Carinae 46 kK on Wolf–Rayet star R136a1[11] 50 kK at protostar (core) 54.5 kK on ON2 III(f*) star LH64-16[12] >200 kK on Butterfly Nebula ~300 kK at 17 meters from Little Boy's detonation Fermi boiling point of valence electrons X-ray excitations |
106 | 1 MK | 0.8 MK in solar wind gamma ray excitations 1 MK inside old neutron stars, brown dwarfs, and at gravital deuterium fusion range 1–3–10 MK above Sun (corona) 2.4 MK at T Tauri stars and gravital lithium-6 fusion range 2.5 MK at red dwarfs and gravital protium fusion range 10 MK at orange dwarfs and gravital helium-3 fusion range 15.6 MK at Sun's core 10–30–100 MK in stellar flares 20 MK in novae 23 MK, beryllium-7 fusion range 60 MK above Eta Carinae 85 MK (15 keV) in a magnetic confinement fusion plasma 200 MK at helium star and gravital helium-4 fusion range 230 MK, gravital carbon-12 fusion range 460 MK, gravital neon fusion–disproportionation range 5–530 MK in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor's plasma 750 MK, gravital oxygen fusion range |
109 | 1 GK | 1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang 1.3–1.7 GK, gravital silicon fusion range 3 GK in electron–positron reactions 10 GK in supernovae 10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang 700 GK in quasars' accretion discs 740 GK, Hagedorn temperature or Fermi melting point of pions |
1012 | 1 TK | 0.1–1 TK at new neutron star 0.5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of hadrons into quark–gluon plasma 3–5 TK in proton–antiproton reactions 3.6 TK, temperature at which matter doubles in mass (compared to its mass at 0 K) due to relativistic effects 5.5 TK, highest man-made temperature in thermal equilibrium as of 2015 (quark–gluon plasma from LHC collisions)[13] 10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang 45–67 TK at collapsar of a gamma-ray burst 300–900 TK at proton–nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector[需要解释] |
1015 | 1 PK | 0.3–2.2 PK at proton–antiproton collisions
2.8 PK within an electroweak star |
1018 | 1 EK | |
1021 | 1 ZK | |
1024 | 1 YK | 0.5–7 YK at ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions |
1027 | 1 RK | everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang |
1030 | 1 QK | Hagedorn temperature of strings |
1032 | 100 QK | 142 QK, Planck temperature |
1033 | 1000 QK | Theory of everything excitations[來源請求] |
10290 | 10260 QK | Landau pole of Quantum electrodynamics |
100 K到1000 K的详表
大多数人类活动都在此数量级的温度内进行。水为液体的温度以浅灰色表示。
开尔文 | 摄氏度 | 华氏度 | 条件 |
---|---|---|---|
100 K | −173.15 °C | −279.67 °F | |
133 K至163 K | −140至−110 °C | −220至−160 °F | 全身冷疗室的一般温度[14] |
165 K | −108 °C | −163 °F | 过冷水的玻璃转化温度(有争议)[15] |
175.4 K | −97.8 °C | −144 °F | 地球上录得最低的亮度温度,以卫星远端测量(南极洲)[16] |
183.7 K | −89.5 °C | −129.1 °F | 异丙醇的凝固点/熔点[17] |
183.9 K | −89.2 °C | −128.6 °F | 地球上录得最低的气温(南极洲沃斯托克站,1983-07-21 01:45 UTC) |
192 K | −81 °C | −114 °F | 冰的德拜温度 |
193至203 K | −80至−70 °C | −112至−94 °F | 超低温冰箱的一般温度 |
194.6 K | −78.5 °C | −109.3 °F | 二氧化碳(干冰)的升华点 |
205.5 K | −67.7 °C | −89.9 °F | 北半球上录得最低的气温(苏联奥伊米亚康,1933-02-06)[18] |
207.05 K | −66.1 °C | −86.98 °F | 北美洲上录得最低的气温(格陵兰北冰,1954-01-09)[19] |
210 K | −63 °C | −80 °F | 火星的平均表面温度 |
214.9 K | –58.3 °C | –72.9 °F | 地球上最低的年均温度(南极洲冰穹A)[20] |
223.15 K | −50 °C | −58 °F | 大约6亿5000万年前雪球地球的平均表面温度[21] |
224.8 K | −48.4 °C | −55.0 °F | 水可以保持液体的最低温度(参见过冷) |
225 K | −48 °C | −55 °F | 棉籽油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
233.15 K | −40 °C | −40 °F | 摄氏温标和华氏温标的相交点 人类皮肤在此温度或以下可能会立即冻伤[23] |
234.3 K | −38.83 °C | −37.89 °F | 汞的凝固点/熔点 |
240.4 K | −32.8 °C | −27.0 °F | 南美洲上录得最低的气温(阿根廷萨缅托,1907-06-01)[24] |
246 K | −27 °C | −17 °F | 珠穆朗玛峰的大约年均温度[25] |
249 K | –24 °C | –11 °F | 亞麻籽油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
249.3 K | –23.9 °C | –11.0 °F | 非洲上录得最低的气温(摩洛哥伊夫兰,1935-02-11)[24] |
250 K | –23 °C | –9 °F | 澳大利亚上录得最低的气温(澳大利亚新南威爾士州夏洛特山口,1994-06-29)[24] |
255.37 K | –177⁄9 °C | 0 °F | 丹尼尔·加布里尔·华伦海特录得盐水-冰混合物的最低温度 |
255 K | –18 °C | 0 °F | 杏仁油的凝固点/熔点[22] 家用冷凍箱的一般温度[26] |
256 K | –17 °C | 1 °F | 葵花籽油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
256 K | –17 °C | 2 °F | 红花油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
257 K | –16 °C | 3 °F | 大豆油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
262 K | −11 °C | 12 °F | 粟米油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
263.15 K | –10 °C | 14 °F | 芥花籽油的凝固点/熔点[22] 葡萄籽油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
265 K | –8 °C | 18 °F | 在此温度以下,白霜可以形成(参见霜) 大麻籽油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
265.8 K | –7.2 °C | 19 °F | 溴的凝固点/熔点 |
267 K | –6 °C | 21 °F | 橄欖油的凝固点/熔点[22] 芝麻油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
271.15 K | −2 °C | 28.4 °F | 海洋的凝固点/熔点。海洋的盐度大约为3.47%。[27][28] |
273.14 K | -0.01 °C | 31.98 °F | 可导致凍傷的最高温度 |
273.15 K | 0.00 °C | 32.00 °F | 淡水的凝固点/熔点(1 atm) |
273.16 K | 0.01 °C | 32.02 °F | 淡水的三相点 |
276 K | 3 °C | 37 °F | 花生油的凝固点/熔点[29] |
277 K | 4 °C | 39 °F | 家用冷藏室的一般温度 |
277.13 K | 3.98 °C | 39.16 °F | 水到达最高密度[30] |
279.8 K | 6.67 °C | 44 °F | 在此温度以下,皮肤很有可能会麻木 |
283.2 K | 10 °C | 50 °F | 大多数植物可生长的最低温度(参见生長度日) |
286.9 K | 12.7 °C | 54.9 °F | 人类在意外失温症下能存活的最低体温(波兰拉茨瓦维采的一名2岁男孩,2014年3月30日)[31][32] |
287.6 K | 14.44 °C | 58 °F | 皮肤的一般疼痛阈值 |
288 K | 15 °C | 59 °F | 地球的平均表面温度 |
291.6 K | 18.4 °C | 65.1 °F | 南极洲录得的最热温度(埃斯佩蘭薩站,2020-02-06)[33] |
294 K | 21 °C | 70 °F | 常温的一般定义值 |
296 K | 23 °C | 73 °F | 大约5580万年前古新世—始新世极热事件中地球的平均表面温度[34] |
297 K | 24 °C | 75 °F | 棕榈仁油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
298 K | 25 °C | 77 °F | 椰子油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
300 K | 27 °C | 81 °F | 裸体人类不动时的一般体温[35][36] 钫的估计凝固点/熔点 |
302.9 K | 29.8 °C | 85.6 °F | 镓的凝固点/熔点 |
303.15 K | 30 °C | 86 °F | 在此温度以上,植物的生长速度一般比在此温度的慢(参见生長度日) |
304 K | 31 °C | 88 °F | 黄油的凝固点/熔点 二氧化碳的临界点 |
307 K | 34 °C | 93 °F | 白磷的自燃温度 |
307.6 K | 34.4 °C | 93.9 °F | 地球的最热年均表面温度(埃塞俄比亚達洛爾)[20] |
308 K | 35 °C | 95 °F | 人类的失温症体温 录得最热的海温(红海) 棕櫚油的凝固点/熔点[22] |
309.5 K | 36.4 °C | 97.5 °F | 人类的平均体温[37] |
311.03 K | 37.87 °C | 100.2 °F | 人类发烧的初期温度 |
311.8 K | 38.6 °C | 101.5 °F | 猫的平均体温[38] |
313.15 K | 40 °C | 104 °F | 热水浴的最大推荐温度[39] |
315 K | 42 °C | 108 °F | 此温度的人类发烧通常致命 |
317.6 K | 44.44 °C | 112 °F | 皮肤的热疼痛阈值 |
319.3 K | 46.1 °C | 115 °F | 世界上下雨时录得最热的气温(美国加利福尼亚州尼德尔斯,2012年8月13日)[40] |
319.7 K | 46.5 °C | 115.7 °F | 人类幸存的最热发烧[41] |
322.1 K | 48.9 °C | 120.0 °F | 南美洲录得最热的气温(阿根廷里瓦達維亞,1905年12月11日)[24] 数个美国水管法规所述热水的最高安全温度[42] 此温度的水会在接触8分钟后引致二级烧伤,在10分钟后引致三级烧伤[42] |
323.14 K | 49.99 °C | 121.99 °F | 结冰和沸腾的中点 |
323.9 K | 50.7 °C | 123.3 °F | 南半球录得最热的气温(澳大利亚乌德纳达塔,1960年2月1日)[24] |
329.87 K | 56.7 °C | 134.1 °F | 地球上录得最热的气温(美国加利福尼亚州因约县弗內斯克里克死亡谷,1913年7月10日)[43] |
333.15 K | 60 °C | 140 °F | 此温度的水会在接触3秒后引致二级烧伤,在5秒后引致三级烧伤[42] 吹风机的平均温度 |
336 K | 63 °C | 145.4 °F | 牛奶的巴斯德消毒法 |
342 K | 69 °C | 157 °F | 珠穆朗瑪峰上水的沸点[44] |
343.15 K | 70 °C | 158 °F | 食物全熟 部分细菌能生存的溫泉[45] |
350 K | 77 °C | 170 °F | 食物水煮 |
351.52 K | 78.37 °C | 173.07 °F | 乙醇的沸点 |
353.15 K | 80 °C | 176 °F | 桑拿的平均温度 |
355 K | 82 °C | 180 °F | 工业级商业洗碗机的建议最后冲洗温度[46] |
355.6 K | 82.4 °C | 180.3 °F | 2-丙醇的沸点[17] |
366 K | 93 °C | 200 °F | 食物燉煮 |
367 K | 94 °C | 201 °F | 地球上录得最热的地面温度(美国加利福尼亚州因约县弗內斯克里克死亡谷,1972年7月15日)[47] |
371 K | 98 °C | 209 °F | 钠的凝固点/熔点 |
373.13 K | 99.98 °C | 211.97 °F | 1 atm的压强下水的沸点(见摄氏温标) |
380 K | 107 °C | 225 °F | 未加工红花油的冒烟点 糖漿浓缩至75%糖 |
388 K | 115 °C | 239 °F | 硫的凝固点/熔点 |
400 K | 127 °C | 260 °F | 超音速飞行中协和式客机机头的温度 太空已知温度最低的恒星(大约温度)[48] |
433.15 K | 160 °C | 320 °F | 糖漿浓缩至100%糖 蔗糖(食糖)焦糖化 |
450 K | 177 °C | 350 °F | 水星的平均表面温度 黄油的冒烟点 油炸温度 |
453.15 K | 180 °C | 356 °F | 玉米花爆炸 |
483 K | 210 °C | 410 °F | 柴油的自燃温度 |
491 K | 218 °C | 425 °F | 纸的自燃温度 |
519 K | 246 °C | 475 °F | 汽油的自燃温度 |
522 K | 249 °C | 480 °F | 航空煤油(Jet A/Jet A-1)的自燃温度[49] |
525 K | 252 °C | 485 °F | 乳脂的冒烟点 航空煤油(Jet B)的自燃温度[49] |
538 K | 265 °C | 510 °F | 提炼红花油的冒烟点 |
574.5875 K | 301.4375 °C | 574.5875 °F | 华氏和开尔文温标的相交点 |
600.65 K | 327.5 °C | 621.5 °F | 铅的熔点/凝固点 |
647 K | 374 °C | 705 °F | 过热水的临界 |
693 K | 419 °C | 787 °F | 锌的熔点/凝固点 |
723.15 K | 450 °C | 842 °F | 航空汽油的自燃温度[49] |
738 K | 465 °C | 870 °F | 金星的平均表面温度 |
749 K | 476 °C | 889 °F | 镁的自燃温度 |
798 K | 525 °C | 977 °F | 德雷珀点(几乎所有物品都发出暗淡红光的温度)[50] |
858 K | 585 °C | 1085 °F | 氢的自燃温度[51] |
933.47 K | 660.32 °C | 1220.58 °F | 铝的熔点/凝固点 |
1000 K | 726.85 °C | 1340.33 °F |
SI multiples
分数 | 倍数 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
值 | 符号 | 名稱 | 值 | 符号 | 名稱 | |
10−1 K | dK | 分开尔文 | 101 K | daK | 十开尔文 | |
10−2 K | cK | 厘开尔文 | 102 K | hK | 百开尔文 | |
10−3 K | mK | 毫开尔文 | 103 K | kK | 千开尔文 | |
10−6 K | µK | 微开尔文 | 106 K | MK | 兆开尔文 | |
10−9 K | nK | 纳开尔文 | 109 K | GK | 吉开尔文 | |
10−12 K | pK | 皮开尔文 | 1012 K | TK | 太开尔文 | |
10−15 K | fK | 飛开尔文 | 1015 K | PK | 拍开尔文 | |
10−18 K | aK | 阿开尔文 | 1018 K | EK | 艾开尔文 | |
10−21 K | zK | 仄开尔文 | 1021 K | ZK | 泽开尔文 | |
10−24 K | yK | 幺开尔文 | 1024 K | YK | 尧开尔文 | |
10−27 K | rK | 柔开尔文 | 1027 K | RK | 容开尔文 | |
10−30 K | qK | 亏开尔文 | 1030 K | QK | 昆开尔文 |
References
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- ^ World record in low temperatures. [2009-05-05]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-18).
- ^ Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record.
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