维基百科

有罪不罚

有罪不罚（英语：impunity）的意思是"exemption from punishment or loss or escape from fines"（免于处罚或损失或逃避罚款）[1]。

在国际人权法中，指的是未能将侵犯人权的肇事者绳之以法。有罪不罚有时被认为是否认历史罪行的一种形式。[2]

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In the international law（英语：international law） of human rights（英语：human rights）, it refers to the failure to bring perpetrators of human rights violations（英语：human rights violations） to justice and, as such, itself constitutes a denial of the victims' right to justice and redress（英语：Legal remedy）. Impunity is especially common in countries that lack a tradition of the rule of law, suffer from corruption（英语：Political corruption） or that have entrenched systems of patronage（英语：patronage）, or where the judiciary（英语：judiciary） is weak or members of the security forces are protected by special jurisdiction（英语：jurisdiction）s or immunities（英语：immunity from prosecution）. Impunity is sometimes considered a form of denialism（英语：denialism） of historical crimes.[2]

在国际人权法中，指的是未能将侵犯人权的肇事者绳之以法，因此，它本身就构成了对受害者获得正义和补救的权利的剥夺。有罪不罚现像在缺乏法治传统、饱受腐败或有根深蒂固的庇护制度、司法薄弱或安全部队成员受到特殊司法管辖的国家尤为普遍。或免疫。有罪不罚有时被认为是否认历史罪行的一种形式。

例子

The 亚美尼亚种族灭绝 was fueled by impunity for the perpetrators of earlier massacres of Armenians早期屠杀亚美尼亚人的肇事者逍遥法外, such as the 1890s 哈米德大屠杀.[3] After the genocide, the 塞夫尔条约 required Turkey to allow the return of refugees and enable them to recover their properties. However, Turkey did not allow the return of refugees and nationalized all Armenian properties（英语：confiscation of Armenian property）.[4] A secret annex to the 洛桑条约 (1923年) granted immunity to the perpetrators of the 亚美尼亚种族灭绝 and put an end to the effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals（英语：effort to prosecute Ottoman war criminals）.[5][6][7][8] Hardly anyone was prosecuted for the systematic murder of hundreds of thousands of Armenians.[9] According to historian Stefan Ihrig（英语：Stefan Ihrig）, the failure to intervene and hold perpetrators accountable made the genocide the "double original sin" of the twentieth century.[10]

人权原则

The amended Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity（英语：United Nations Principles to Combat Impunity）, submitted to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights（英语：United Nations Commission on Human Rights） on 8 February 2005, defines impunity as:

the impossibility, de jure or de facto, of bringing the perpetrators of violations to account – whether in criminal, civil, administrative or disciplinary proceedings – since they are not subject to any inquiry that might lead to their being accused, arrested, tried and, if found guilty, sentenced to appropriate penalties, and to making reparations to their victims.[11]

2005年2月8日提交给联合国人权委员会的经修订的《通过打击有罪不罚的行动保护和促进人权的一套原则》将有罪不罚定义为：

The First Principle of that same document states that:

Impunity arises from a failure by States to meet their obligations to investigate violations; to take appropriate measures in respect of the perpetrators, particularly in the area of justice, by ensuring that those suspected of criminal responsibility are prosecuted, tried and duly punished; to provide victims with effective remedies and to ensure that they receive reparation for the injuries suffered; to ensure the inalienable right to know the truth（英语：right to know the truth） about violations; and to take other necessary steps to prevent a recurrence of violations.

无论是在刑事、民事、行政、纪律程序中，无论是在刑事、民事、行政、纪律程序中，都无法将违法者绳之以法，因为不受任何可能被指控、逮捕、审判、调查，如果被判有罪，将被判处适当的刑罚，并向受害者作出赔偿。

该文件的第一原则指出： 有罪不罚是由于国家未能履行其调查侵权行为的义务；对肇事者采取适当措施，特别是在司法领域，确保那些涉嫌刑事责任的人受到起诉、审判和应有的惩罚；为受害者提供有效的补救措施，并确保他们获得对所受伤害的赔偿；确保了解侵权行为真相的不可剥夺的权利；并采取其他必要措施防止再次发生违规行为。

真相委员会（英语：Truth commission）s are frequently established by nations emerging from periods marked by human rights violations – coups d'état（英语：coup d'état）, military dictatorship（英语：military dictatorship）s, civil war（英语：civil war）s, etc. – in order to cast light on the events of the past. While such mechanisms can assist in the ultimate prosecution of crimes and punishment of the guilty, they have often been criticised for perpetuating impunity by enabling violators to seek protection of concurrently adopted amnesty law（英语：amnesty law）s.[12]

The primary goal of the 国际刑事法院罗马规约 of the 国际刑事法院, adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002, is "to put an end to impunity for the perpetrators" [...] "of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole".[13]

参见

参考

  1. ^ Free Dictionary. Free Dictionary. [2009-12-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-23）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Avakian, Paul. Denial in Other Forms. Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2018, 12 (1): 3–23 [2022-09-20]. ISSN 1911-0359. doi:10.5038/1911-9933.12.1.1512  . （原始内容存档于2021-07-23）. 
  3. ^ Dadrian, Vahakn N. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Berghahn Books. 2003: 386 [2022-09-20]. ISBN 978-1-57181-666-5. （原始内容存档于2022-09-20） （英语）. 
  4. ^ Matossian, Bedross Der. The Taboo within the Taboo: The Fate of 'Armenian Capital' at the End of the Ottoman Empire. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey. 2011 [2022-09-20]. ISSN 1773-0546. doi:10.4000/ejts.4411  . （原始内容存档于2022-10-28） （法语）. 
  5. ^ Scharf, Michael. The Letter of the Law: The Scope of the International Legal Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes. Law and Contemporary Problems. 1996, 59 (4): 41–61 [2022-09-20]. ISSN 0023-9186. JSTOR 1192189. doi:10.2307/1192189. （原始内容存档于2018-07-19）. Initially, the Allied Powers sought the prosecution of those responsible for the massacres. The Treaty of Sevres, which was signed on August 10, 1920, would have required the Turkish Government to hand over those responsible to the Allied Powers for trial. Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Sevres], art. 230, at 235, Aug. 10, 1920, reprinted in 15 AM. J. INT'L L. 179 (Supp 1921). "The Treaty of Sevres was, however, not ratified and did not come into force. It was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne, which not only did not contain provisions respecting the punishment of war crimes, but was accompanied by a 'Declaration of Amnesty' of all offenses committed between 1914 and 1922." Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Lausanne], July 24, 1923, League of Nations Treaty Series 11, reprinted in 18 AM. J. INT'L L. 1 (Supp. 1924). 99. 
  6. ^ Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes Against Humanity: The Case for a Specialized Convention. Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 2010, 9 (4): 575–593 [2022-09-20]. ISSN 1546-6981. （原始内容存档于2022-09-21）. During World War I (WWI) (1914-18), almost twenty million people were killed... During that conflict, one situation stood out: the estimated 200,000-800,000 civilian Armenians killed in 1915. (4) In 1919, the Inter-Allied Commission (save for the U.S. and Japan) called for the prosecution of Turkish officials responsible. (5) That call was advanced on the basis of the 1907 Hague Convention's preamble referring to "the laws of humanity." (6) However, no prosecutions ensued. Instead, Turkey received immunity in a secret annex of the Treaty of Lausanne. (7) 
  7. ^ Dadrian, Vahakn. The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice. Yale Journal of International Law. 1998, 23 (2) [2022-09-20]. ISSN 0889-7743. （原始内容存档于2020-12-03）. The delayed peace settlement is, of course, the Lausanne Treaty. Yielding to the pressures of the implacable Kemalists, the victorious Allies abjectly discarded the two-year-old S~vres Treaty,26 through which they had attempted to prosecute and punish the authors of the Armenian genocide and, at the same time, redeem their promises for a future Armenia. After expunging all references to Armenian massacres (and, indeed, to Armenia itself) from the draft version,27 they signed the Lausanne Peace Treaty, thus helping to codify impunity by ignoring the Armenian genocide. The international law flowing from this treaty, while a sham in reality, lent an aura of respectability to impunity because the imprimatur of a peace conference was attached to it. A French jurist observed that the treaty was an "assurance" for impunity for the crime of massacre; indeed, it was a "glorification" of the crime in which an entire race, the Armenians, was "systematically exterminated." 2 " For his part, David Lloyd George, wartime Prime Minister of Great Britain, found it appropriate to vent his ire when he was out of power: He declared the Western Allies' conduct at the Lausanne Conference to be "abject, cowardly and infamous." 29 A creature of political deal-making, the Lausanne Treaty was a triumph of the principle of impunity over the principle of retributive justice. 
  8. ^ Penrose, Mary. Impunity- Inertia, Inaction, and Invalidity: A Literature Review. Boston University International Law Journal. 1999, 17: 269 [2022-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-22）. Beginning with the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, the award of amnesty to defeated forces has often been the political price paid for achieving a cessation of hostilities. 
  9. ^ Kuyumjian, Aram. The Armenian Genocide : International Legal and Political Avenues for Turkey's Responsibility (PDF). Revue de Droit (Université de Sherbrooke). 2011, 41 (2): 247–305 [2022-09-20]. doi:10.17118/11143/10302  . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-02）. 
  10. ^ Ihrig, Stefan. Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler（英语：Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler）. Harvard University Press. 2016: 7. ISBN 978-0-674-50479-0 （英语）. 
  11. ^ Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights Through Action to Combat Impunity. Derechos.org. [2009-12-23]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-14）. 
  12. ^ "What Next for International Justice?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）International Center for Transitional Justice
  13. ^ Preamble, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. [2022-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-19）. 

外部链接

 
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