维基百科

扎穆科语系

扎穆科语系是分布在巴拉圭(查科省东北部)和玻利维亚(圣克鲁斯省)的语系。

扎穆科语系
Samúkoan
地理分佈巴拉圭和玻利维亚
谱系学分类世界主要语系之一
分支
–
Glottologzamu1243[1]

语言学家很少研究这个语系(as of Adelaar & Muysken 2004)，尽管最近有些新研究发表(参见：Bertinetto 2009, 2010, 2013；Ciucci 2007/08, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2013a, 2013b)。最近的研究显示扎穆科语系语言有种罕见的句法特征：副从属结构，即合作与从属关系同时用于连接从句(Bertinetto & Ciucci 2012)。

现存语言

扎穆科语系有两种活语言：

基因联系

据扎穆科语民族的历史记录，现存扎穆科语言似乎曾有过一些亲属语言。并不清楚它们是否必然是不同的语言，Mason (1950)[2]:157–317给出的表如下：[3]:3–5

  • 北部语族
    • 扎穆科语支：扎穆科语、Satienyo (Zatieño, Ibiraya)
    • Morotoco (Coroino)
      • Cucarate (Kukutade)
      • Orebate (Ororebate); Carerá
      • Panono (Panana)
      • Tomoeno
    • Guarañoca [可能是扎穆科语一种方言]: Tsiracua (Empelota); Mora (remnants of Morotoco and Guarañoca)
    • Ugaraño
    • Tapii (Tapio)
    • Poturero (Ninaquiguilá)
  • 南部语族
    • 查玛科科语支：Ebidoso、Horio (Ishira)、Tumerehã
    • Imono
    • Tunacho (Tunaca)
    • Caipotorade

词汇

切斯特米尔·劳科特卡 (1968)列举了下列扎穆科语系语言基础词。[4]

词义 扎穆科语 Ayoré Guarañoca Poturero Morotoco Siracua 查玛科科语 Ebidoso Tumrahá
1 chomara choxmára chumana chumana sumara somraha tohok tonhok
2 gar gáre gar ogar gapebe osia eshara osia
3 gadiok gadok adiska oagadioka gaedopebe aorliet pelpe ahriet-tohok
头 ya-toitak ya-toi ya-toita ya-todo ya-tod hoté hote ho
眼 ye-doi yeː-do ye-dodia ye-doy ye-do dlyóki-dodye as-lo erupi ulu
耳 ya-gorone yã-gorone ya-noenia ya-goroné ya-gorod dlyóki-goroni parhi áhre ahri
舌 ya-retia ya-reta ya-retia ya-et árhik orahü kéhrik
水 yod yot yodita yod yod nio niogo niodat
火 piok piok piok piok pioko pió erhü erhúe naúsere
石 kukarat kukarat kukanane kukaranay kukarad kukáni kukret' ostrp kukáni
日 giede guéde guede hiédé giede géte deit'y dei yite
玉米 guehena gueːxnai guexa guehena gueda géshna taguri takurü taugre

参考

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Zamucoan. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ Mason, John Alden. The languages of South America. Steward, Julian (编). Handbook of South American Indians 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: 史密森尼学会, 美国民族学局第143期公报. 1950. 
  3. ^ Fabre 2007
  4. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír. Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. 1968. 

书目

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2009). Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del laboratorio di Linguistica 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>).
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2010). How the Zamuco languages dealt with verb affixes. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 9,1 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>).
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2013). Ayoreo (Zamuco) as a radical tenseless language. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Ciucci, Luca (2007/08). Indagini sulla morfologia verbale nella lingua ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 7 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL07_08.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2009). Elementi di morfologia verbale del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2010a). La flessione possessiva dell’ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2010b). La flessione possessiva del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2013a). Inflectional morphology in the Zamucoan languages. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Ciucci, Luca (2013b). Chamacoco lexicographical supplement. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）>)
  • Fabre, Alain. (por aparecer, 2005). Los pueblos del Gran Chaco y sus lenguas, cuarta parte: Los zamuco. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Ulrich, M.; Ulrich, R. (2000). Diccionario Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco) - Español, Español - Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco). Asuncion: Misión a Nuevas Tribus Paraguay.

外部链接

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