扎穆科語系

扎穆科語系是分佈在巴拉圭(查科省東北部)和玻利維亞(聖克魯斯省)的語系

扎穆科語系
Samúkoan
地理分佈巴拉圭玻利維亞
譜系學分類世界主要語系之一
分支
Glottologzamu1243[1]

語言學家很少研究這個語系(as of Adelaar & Muysken 2004),儘管最近有些新研究發表(參見:Bertinetto 2009, 2010, 2013;Ciucci 2007/08, 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2013a, 2013b)。最近的研究顯示扎穆科語系語言有種罕見的句法特徵:副從屬結構,即合作與從屬關係同時用於連接從句(Bertinetto & Ciucci 2012)。

現存語言

扎穆科語系有兩種活語言:

基因聯繫

據扎穆科語民族的歷史記錄,現存扎穆科語言似乎曾有過一些親屬語言。並不清楚它們是否必然是不同的語言,Mason (1950)[2]:157–317給出的表如下:[3]:3–5

  • 北部語族
    • 扎穆科語支:扎穆科語、Satienyo (Zatieño, Ibiraya)
    • Morotoco (Coroino)
      • Cucarate (Kukutade)
      • Orebate (Ororebate); Carerá
      • Panono (Panana)
      • Tomoeno
    • Guarañoca [可能是扎穆科語一種方言]: Tsiracua (Empelota); Mora (remnants of Morotoco and Guarañoca)
    • Ugaraño
    • Tapii (Tapio)
    • Poturero (Ninaquiguilá)
  • 南部語族
    • 查瑪科科語支:Ebidoso、Horio (Ishira)、Tumerehã
    • Imono
    • Tunacho (Tunaca)
    • Caipotorade

詞彙

切斯特米爾·勞科特卡 (1968)列舉了下列扎穆科語系語言基礎詞。[4]

詞義 扎穆科語 Ayoré Guarañoca Poturero Morotoco Siracua 查瑪科科語 Ebidoso Tumrahá
1 chomara choxmára chumana chumana sumara somraha tohok tonhok
2 gar gáre gar ogar gapebe osia eshara osia
3 gadiok gadok adiska oagadioka gaedopebe aorliet pelpe ahriet-tohok
ya-toitak ya-toi ya-toita ya-todo ya-tod hoté hote ho
ye-doi yeː-do ye-dodia ye-doy ye-do dlyóki-dodye as-lo erupi ulu
ya-gorone yã-gorone ya-noenia ya-goroné ya-gorod dlyóki-goroni parhi áhre ahri
ya-retia ya-reta ya-retia ya-et árhik orahü kéhrik
yod yot yodita yod yod nio niogo niodat
piok piok piok piok pioko pió erhü erhúe naúsere
kukarat kukarat kukanane kukaranay kukarad kukáni kukret' ostrp kukáni
giede guéde guede hiédé giede géte deit'y dei yite
玉米 guehena gueːxnai guexa guehena gueda géshna taguri takurü taugre

參考

  1. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (編). Zamucoan. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  2. ^ Mason, John Alden. The languages of South America. Steward, Julian (編). Handbook of South American Indians 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: 史密森尼學會, 美國民族學局第143期公報. 1950. 
  3. ^ Fabre 2007
  4. ^ Loukotka, Čestmír. Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center. 1968. 

書目

  • Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2009). Ayoreo (Zamuco). A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del laboratorio di Linguistica 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>).
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2010). How the Zamuco languages dealt with verb affixes. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 9,1 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>).
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco (2013). Ayoreo (Zamuco) as a radical tenseless language. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>)
  • Bertinetto, Pier Marco & Luca Ciucci 2012. Parataxis, Hypotaxis and Para-Hypotaxis in the Zamucoan Languages頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). In: Linguistic Discovery 10.1: 89-111.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Ciucci, Luca (2007/08). Indagini sulla morfologia verbale nella lingua ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 7 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL07_08.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2009). Elementi di morfologia verbale del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 8 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL09.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2010a). La flessione possessiva dell』ayoreo. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2010b). La flessione possessiva del chamacoco. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 9,2 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL10.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>)
  • Ciucci, Luca (2013a). Inflectional morphology in the Zamucoan languages. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Ciucci, Luca (2013b). Chamacoco lexicographical supplement. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica della Scuola Normale Superiore 12 n.s. (Online version: <http://linguistica.sns.it/QLL/QLL13.htm頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)>)
  • Fabre, Alain. (por aparecer, 2005). Los pueblos del Gran Chaco y sus lenguas, cuarta parte: Los zamuco. Suplemento Antropológico, Asunción.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Ulrich, M.; Ulrich, R. (2000). Diccionario Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco) - Español, Español - Ishi̵ro (Chamacoco). Asuncion: Misión a Nuevas Tribus Paraguay.

外部連結