築丘人
築丘人(Mound Builders),或譯筑墩人,是北美洲多個原住民族群的統稱,他們會建造土丘用來進行宗教儀式、葬禮和居住。這包括公元前3500年到公元15世紀前哥伦布时期的古風時代文化、疏林時代文化和密西西比文化,他們主要分佈於五大湖區、俄亥俄河河谷和密西西比河流域。[1]
19世紀開始,對築丘人的研究開始增多。1894年,塞勒斯·托馬斯為美国民族学局所做的調查證明了美國東部發現的大量土丘就是美國原住民建造的,而非來自更古老的史前文明。托马斯·杰斐逊也曾發掘過一個土丘,並指出其喪葬儀式與當時的美國原住民的喪葬儀式有很多相似之處。
參考文獻
- ^ Squier p. 1
- Squier, E. G.; Davis, E. H. Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1847 [2019-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-26).
擴展閱讀
- Abrams, Elliot M.; Freter, AnnCorinne (编). The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8214-1609-9.
- Thomas, Cyrus. Report on the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. pp. 3–730. Twelfth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890–91, by J. W. Powell, Director. XLVIII+742 pp., 42 pls., 344 figs. 1894.
- Feder, Kenneth L. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006.
- Gale, George. Upper Mississippi: or, Historical Sketches of the Mound-builders, the Indian tribes and the Progress of Civilization in the North-west, from A.D. 1600 to the Present Time. Chicago: Clarke. 1867.