筑丘人
筑丘人(Mound Builders),或译筑墩人,是北美洲多个原住民族群的统称,他们会建造土丘用来进行宗教仪式、葬礼和居住。这包括公元前3500年到公元15世纪前哥伦布时期的古风时代文化、疏林时代文化和密西西比文化,他们主要分布于五大湖区、俄亥俄河河谷和密西西比河流域。[1]
19世纪开始,对筑丘人的研究开始增多。1894年,塞勒斯·托马斯为美国民族学局所做的调查证明了美国东部发现的大量土丘就是美国原住民建造的,而非来自更古老的史前文明。托马斯·杰斐逊也曾发掘过一个土丘,并指出其丧葬仪式与当时的美国原住民的丧葬仪式有很多相似之处。
参考文献
- ^ Squier p. 1
- Squier, E. G.; Davis, E. H. Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. 1847 [2019-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-26).
扩展阅读
- Abrams, Elliot M.; Freter, AnnCorinne (编). The Emergence of the Moundbuilders: The Archaeology of Tribal Societies in Southeastern Ohio. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8214-1609-9.
- Thomas, Cyrus. Report on the mound explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology. pp. 3–730. Twelfth annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1890–91, by J. W. Powell, Director. XLVIII+742 pp., 42 pls., 344 figs. 1894.
- Feder, Kenneth L. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2006.
- Gale, George. Upper Mississippi: or, Historical Sketches of the Mound-builders, the Indian tribes and the Progress of Civilization in the North-west, from A.D. 1600 to the Present Time. Chicago: Clarke. 1867.