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{{Infobox military person | name = 奥迪·墨菲 |birth_name=奥迪·莱昂·墨菲 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|6|20}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|1971|5|28|1925|6|20}} | birth_place = 美國德克薩斯州亨特縣金士頓 | death_place = Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, U.S. | placeofburial = 阿灵顿国家公墓 | death_cause = 飞机失事 | image = Audie Murphy.jpg | image_size = 250 | caption = 奥迪墨菲軍裝照 | allegiance = 美国 | branch = {{plainlist|

}} | serviceyears = {{plainlist|

}} | rank = {{plainlist|

  • 陸軍中尉
  • 國民警衛隊少校

}} | unit = {{plainlist|

}} | battles = {{plainlist|

  • World War II

{{flatlist|

}}}} | awards ={{plainlist|

}} | laterwork = Actor; songwriter | signature = Audie Murphy (signature).png | signature_size = 150px | signature_alt = Audie Murphy | website = {{URL|http://www.audiemurphy.com%7CAudie L. Murphy}} }}

奥迪·莱昂·墨菲（{{lang-en|Audie Leon Murphy}}，{{bd|1926年|6月20日|1971年|5月28日|catIdx=Murphy, Audie}}）是二战中授勋最多的美國軍人之一，得到了美国陆军的所有军事作战英勇奖，以及法国和比利时的英雄奖。他19岁的时候，在1945年1月，墨菲因在法国的科爾馬包圍戰孤军抵挡了整连的德国士兵一个小时而获得了荣誉勋章，随后在受伤而且弹药耗尽之下领导了一次成功的反击。

墨菲是出世于德克萨斯亨特县的一个大佃農家庭在。他的父亲抛弃了他们，当他还是个孩子的时候，他的母亲去世了。墨菲五年级的时候退学，靠摘棉花并找其他的工作来养家；打猎技术是他获取食物的必需手段。墨菲姐姐帮他伪造了他的出生日期的文件以符合参军的最低年龄要求，在海军和海军陆战队拒绝之后，他加入了陆军。西西里島戰役和安齐奥战役中他开始加入战斗，1944年层参与解放罗马与入侵法国南部。墨菲在蒙特利馬爾战斗，并在10月带领他的部下在法国东北部克莱里耶附近的L'Omet采石场成功突袭。

战争结束后，墨菲开始了21年的演艺生涯。他在根据他1949年的同名回忆录改编的1955年的百战荣归（To Hell and Back）自传电影中扮演自己的角色，但他的大多数电影是西部片。他曾在明星电视节目中客串，并主演了血战霹雳车系列。墨菲是一个相当有成就的歌曲作者，并在加利福尼亚州和亚利桑那州饲养美洲奎特馬，经常参与赛马。

因他患有如今称为创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的疾病，他会将一把上膛的手枪放在枕头下面。在他生命的最后几年中，他為金钱问题所苦，但他拒绝在酒精和香烟广告中亮相，因为他不想树立坏榜样。1971年，墨菲在他46岁生日前夕在一次飞机失事中去世，他带着所有的军方荣誉安葬在阿灵顿国家公墓。

早期经历

奥迪·莱昂·墨菲，来自一个有着爱尔兰血统的佃農家庭，1925年6月20日出生于德州{{le|金士顿 (德克萨斯州)|Kingston, Texas|金士顿}}，{{refn|group=ALM|name=birth|Murphy's son Terry is the President of the Audie Murphy Research Foundation, which in both its biographical sketch and Murphy Family Tree list his year of birth as 1925.[1] Murphy's date of birth has been given as both 1925 and 1924 by Murphy himself. He seemed to go back and forth on the dates for the rest of his life. His sister Corrine Burns as his nearest living kin signed a notarized document attesting to the birth date of 20 June 1924 that Murphy put on his enlistment application, falsifying his year of birth in order to make him appear old enough to meet the U.S. Army age qualification for enlistment. Subsequently, all military records show the falsified date as his birth date.[2] His California driver's license showed a birth date of 1925.[3][4]}} 在家里12个孩子中排行第七，父亲名为Emmett Berry Murphy，母亲是Josie Bell Killian。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=5}}

孩童时期的墨菲性格孤僻且脾气暴躁。他在德克萨斯州的{{le|法默斯维尔 (德克萨斯州)|Farmersville, Texas|法默斯维尔}}、{{le|格林维尔 (德克萨斯州)|Greenville, Texas|格林维尔}}和{{le|塞莱斯特 (德克萨斯州)|Celeste, Texas|塞莱斯特}}几地长大，并在塞莱斯特上了小学。父亲在厌倦了操持家庭的生活后，最终抛弃了他们。墨菲在五年级辍学，找到了一份工作摘棉花的工作，用每天一美元的薪资支撑整个家庭的开支，而打猎技术则是他获取食物的必需手段。 1941年母亲死于心内膜炎和肺炎之后{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=28}}，他就在电台维修店、杂货店、车库和格林维尔的加油站打工{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=7}}。 亨特县有关部门把他的三个年轻的兄弟姐妹寄养在博尔斯儿童之家，一家{{le|昆兰 (德克萨斯州)|Quinlan, Texas|昆兰}}的基督教孤儿院[5]。亨特县有关部门把他的三个年轻的兄弟姐妹寄养在博尔斯儿童之家，一家昆兰的基督教孤儿院。战争结束后,在法默斯维尔给大姐科瑞恩和她的丈夫波兰波恩买了一栋房子并为其他兄弟姐妹共享{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}}。

丧母之痛贯穿了他的一生。他后来提到:

{{quote|她在我十六岁时就去世了。她那一头及地的长发是我所见过的世界上最美的。她话很少，似乎总是在寻找什么我不知道的东西。我们从不交流感情。但当她去世了之后,我才感觉到她似乎带走了一些与我有关的东西，于是之后我也一直在寻觅着。{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=143}}}}

二战服役经历

墨菲一直想成为一名军人，1941年12月在日本偷袭珍珠港之后,他试着应征入伍，{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=7}}但陆军、海军和海军陆战队都以体重不足年龄不够为缘由拒绝了他。之后他的姐姐伪造了一份证明，将他的年龄改大了一岁，后来在1942年6月30日终于被美国陆军部队接受。{{refn|group=ALM| name=birth}}{{refn|group=ALM|name=weight|Conflicting information exists as to Murphy's date and place of enlistment. The Audie L. Murphy Memorial website has scanned documents from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration that include Corrinne Burns' statement and Murphy's "Induction Record", which shows him "Enlisted at Dallas, Texas" on 30 June 1942, and the line above it says "Accepted for service at Greenville, Texas". The National Register of Historic Places Listing added the Greenville post office as historic site number 74002081 in 1974, citing it as Murphy's place of enlistment, possibly referring to the act the military termed "Accepted for service". The NRHP also shows his enlistment date as 20 June 1942 which might be the date he was accepted for service.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}}[6][7][8]{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=23, 24}} }}在结束了{{le|沃尔特斯堡|Fort Wolters|沃尔特斯营地}}的基础训练之后,{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=29}} 他被送往{{le|乔治·G·米德堡|Fort George G. Meade|米德堡}}接受高级步兵训练。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=33–34}} 在基本训练他赢得了步枪组优秀射手徽章和刺刀组专业徽章。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|page=49}}

地中海战场

1943年2月20日墨菲被运送到法屬摩洛哥的卡萨布兰卡。他被分配到第三步兵师{{le|第15步兵团 (美国)|15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|第15步兵团}}1营B中队，{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=36}} 听从{{le|卢西安·沓斯考特|Lucian Truscott}}少将的安排和命令。 {{sfn|Graham|1989|p=36}}{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=41}} 他在排里担任排通讯兵和他的同伴一起在阿尔及利亚的阿尔泽接受严格的训练，为盟军登陆西西里岛做准备{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=36}}{{sfn|Champagne|2008|pp=45–47}}， 并在5月7日和7月15日先后晋升为上等兵和下士。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=37}}{{sfn|Graham|1989|p = 39}}

7月10日，当第三步兵降落在西西里的利卡塔过程中，墨菲是师部的通信员。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=38, 39}}[9] 在一次侦察巡逻中，他在卡尼卡蒂附近解决了两名逃跑的意大利军官。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=40}} 7月20日，在病了一个星期后重返B中队，到达巴勒莫执行任务，{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=43}} 他们被分配到一个山坡上的定点保护机关枪炮位，而其他的步兵第3师则在通往盟军收复的墨西拿中转港途中的圣夫拉泰洛战斗。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=44}}

墨菲1943年9月参与了薩萊諾的巴蒂帕利亞登陆作战。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=47}} 在沃尔图诺河沿岸执行侦察任务时,他和另外两名士兵遭到德国机关枪开火,其中一个美国人同伴被杀死。墨菲和另一个同伴进行了反击，成功用手榴弹和机枪开火干掉五名德国士兵。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=47, 48}} 10月，在米尼亚诺蒙泰伦戈193号高地附近参与盟军的进攻沃土諾防線的战斗时，{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=47}}[10] 他和同伴们击败七个德国士兵击，杀死三个抓获四个。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=48, 49}} 12月13日墨菲被提升为中士。{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=106}}

1944年1月，墨菲被提升为陆军上士。{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=106}} 1月21日因感染疟疾他在那不勒斯住院，没能在鵝卵石行動中打头阵。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=50}} 1月29日重返队伍，参与了{{le|奇斯泰尔纳之战|Battle of Cisterna|奇斯泰尔纳首战}}，[11]{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=51, 52}} 并在这次战役后荣升为B中队的排副。{{sfn|Champagne|2008|pp=111–112}} 他和第三师回到安齐奥,后来在那里呆了好几个月。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=54}} 3月2日在一个废弃的农舍躲避恶劣的天气时，墨菲和他的队友杀掉了路过的一辆德军坦克上的士兵。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=58, 59}} 然后他独自爬出来在适当的距离内用步枪手榴弹炸毁了那辆坦克，由此他获得了带有{{le|V字纹章|"V" Device}}的銅星勳章。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=59}}[12] 在3月13日之前，墨菲都一直执行侦察巡逻抓捕德军的任务，直到第二轮疟疾复发他才又在医院治疗了一周。5月8日，包括墨菲在内的61名步兵军官、B中队的在籍士兵和第15步兵均被授予{{le|作战步兵徽章|Combat Infantryman Badge}}。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=102}} 墨菲也获得{{le|橡木叶簇|Oak Leaf Cluster|橡叶簇铜质奖章}}。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=276}}[13] 6月4日,美国军队解放了罗马，墨菲和他的排一直在罗马驻守到7月。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=64, 65}}

欧洲战区

墨菲因在1944年8月15日第一波盟军侵入法国南部时参与战斗获得了杰出服役十字勋章{{sfn|Brinkley|2004|p=191}}{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=161}}。[14] 在拉马蒂埃尔附近的黄色海滩登陆后，[15] 墨菲的排在穿过葡萄园时遭到了德国士兵的攻击。他拿回了已经脱离队伍的一杆机枪，对德国士兵进行了回击,击毙两人打伤一人。[15] 两个德国人被迫后退大约{{convert|100|yd|m}}之后投了降；但当墨菲最好的朋友同意之后，他们却开枪打死了他朋友。墨菲独自一人前进与之正面交火。最终他杀死了六个，打伤两个，带回11名囚犯。[15]

8月27–28日墨菲所在的15步兵团一营在蒙特利馬爾进行防守，保护该地区不受德军侵犯。[14]{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|p = 166}} 后来他和一同执行任务的战友们获得了总统集体表彰。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p = 124}}

1944年9月15日墨菲在法国东北部的一次迫击炮弹爆炸中脚后跟受了伤，但他也因此获得了人生中的第一个紫心勋章。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=72}}{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|pp=285–296}}{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=128}} 10月2日，墨菲在L'Omet采石场{{le|科鲁力河|Cleurie (river)}}流域发现德军机枪驻扎部队，成功杀死四名打伤三名士兵，并因此获得了第一枚银星勋章。{{sfn|Brinkley|2004|p=191}} 三天后，墨菲独自携一部{{le|SCR-536|SCR-536}}无线电（收发机）潜入L'Omet的德军阵营，并在德军的正面开火下指挥部下长达一个小时。他的部下最终占领了整座山，击毙15名德军，打伤35人。墨菲的行动为他的银星勋章添上了橡木叶簇。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=131–135}} 10月14日他被{{le|战场升职|Battlefield promotion|战场委任}}为少尉，并晋升为排长。{{sfn|Fredriksen|2010|p=279}} 10月26日，在去往布鲁沃略尔的途中， B中队第三排遭到德国狙击手的袭击。墨菲在被狙击手击中髋关节抓获了其中的两名，后来他进行了回击，击中了狙击手的眉间。在普罗旺斯地区艾克斯第三总医院接受了治疗，{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=81–83}} 将坏疽从伤口伤口移除造成部分臀部肌肉的损失,但他一直坚持战斗到1月。{{sfn|Brinkley|2004|p=191}} 这次负伤为他的紫心徽章添上了人生中第一个青铜橡叶簇。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=82}}{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=137}}

The Colmar Pocket, {{convert|850|sqmi|km2}} in the Vosges Mountains, had been held by German troops since November 1944.{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|p=533}} On 14 January 1945, Murphy rejoined his platoon, which had been moved to the Colmar area in December.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=86}} He moved with the 3rd Division on 24 January to the town of Holtzwihr, where they faced a strong German counterattack.{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|pp=543–544}} He was wounded in both legs, for which he received a second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=153}} As the company awaited reinforcements on 26 January, he was made commander of Company B.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=88}}

The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer, setting it alight, forcing the crew to abandon it.[16] Murphy ordered his men to retreat to positions in the woods, remaining alone at his post, shooting his M1 carbine and directing artillery fire via his field telephone while the Germans aimed fire directly at his position.[17] Murphy mounted the abandoned, burning tank destroyer and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans, killing a squad crawling through a ditch towards him.[18] For an hour, Murphy stood on the tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He sustained a leg wound during his stand, and stopped only after he ran out of ammunition.[16] Murphy rejoined his men, disregarding his own wound, and led them back to repel the Germans. He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated.[16] For his actions that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.[19] The 3rd Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at the Colmar Pocket, giving Murphy a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for the emblem.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=164}}

On 16 February, Murphy was promoted to first lieutenant{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=95}} and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service from 22 January 1944 to 18 February 1945.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=175–176}} He was moved from the front lines to Regimental Headquarters and made a liaison officer.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=96}}

Decorations

{{Main|Audie Murphy honors and awards}}

 
Army version of the Medal of Honor

The United States additionally honored Murphy's war contributions with the American Campaign Medal,[20] the European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with arrowhead device and campaign stars,[20] the World War II Victory Medal,[20] and the Army of Occupation Medal with Germany Clasp.[12][20] France recognized his service with the French Legion of Honor – Grade of Chevalier,[21] the French Croix de guerre with Silver Star,[22] the French Croix de guerre with Palm,{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=410}} the French Liberation Medal[12][20] and the French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre,[12] which was authorized for all members of the 3rd Infantry Division who fought in France during World War II. Belgium awarded Murphy the Belgian Croix de guerre with 1940 Palm.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=410}}

Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett and Lieutenant Colonel Hallet D. Edson recommended Murphy for the Medal of Honor.[23][24] Near Salzburg, Austria on 2 June 1945,{{sfn|Willbanks|2011|p=234}} Lieutenant General A.M. Patch{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}} presented Murphy with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit for his actions at Holtzwihr. When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry, he replied, "They were killing my friends."[25] Murphy received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army for his World War II service.{{refn|group=ALM| name=valor|Murphy's war service was combat-related. Therefore, he did not receive the non-combat Soldier's Medal. Act of Congress (Public Law 446–69th Congress, 2 July 1926 (44 Stat. 780) established the Soldier's Medal for heroism "as defined in 10 USC 101(d), at the time of the heroic act who distinguished himself or herself by heroism not involving actual combat with the enemy.")[26] At the end of his World War II service, Murphy became known as America's most decorated soldier.[27]}}

Postwar military service

Inquiries were made through official channels about the prospect of Murphy attending West Point upon his return to the United States, but he never enrolled.[4][28] Author Don Graham wrote that Murphy suggested the idea and then dropped it, possibly when he realized the extent of academic preparation needed to pass the entrance exam.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=127}} Murphy was one of several military personnel who received orders on 8 June 1945 to report to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, for temporary duty and reassignment.[4][28] Upon arrival on 13 June, he was one of four assigned to Fort Sam Houston Army Ground & Services Redistribution Station and sent home for 30 days of recuperation, with permission to travel anywhere within the United States during that period.[4] While on leave, Murphy was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches.{{sfn|Spiller|Dawson|2010|loc=chpt Man Against Fire: Audie Murphy and His War|pp=137–154}} He received a belated Good Conduct Medal on 21 August.[29] He was discharged with the rank of first lieutenant at a 50 percent disability classification on 21 September and transferred to the Officers' Reserve Corps.{{refn|group=ALM |name=reserve|The Officers' Reserve Corps was originally one of several units of the United States Organized Reserve that also included the Enlisted Reserve Corps, Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Organized Reserve was restructured during the Korean War and renamed the United States Army Reserve. The new structure was divided into the Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve and Retired Reserve.[28][30]}}

Post-traumatic stress

 
Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in San Antonio, Texas

Murphy had been plagued since his military service with insomnia and bouts of depression, and slept with a loaded pistol under his pillow.{{sfn|Murphy|2002|pp=122–124}}{{sfn|Whiting|2001|p=224}} A post-service medical examination on 17 June 1947 revealed symptoms of headaches, vomiting, and nightmares about war. His medical records indicated that he took sleeping pills to help prevent nightmares.{{sfn|Redfern|2007|pp=67, 68}} During the mid-1960s, he recognized his dependence on Placidyl, and locked himself alone in a hotel room for a week to break the addiction successfully.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}} Post-traumatic stress levels exacerbated his innate moodiness,{{sfn|Murphy|2002|pp=4–7}} and surfaced in episodes that friends and professional colleagues found alarming.{{sfn|Redfern|2007|pp=65, 67, 68}} His first wife, Wanda Hendrix, stated that he once held her at gunpoint.{{sfn|Curtis|Golenbock|2009|p=119}} She witnessed her husband being guilt-ridden and tearful over newsreel footage of German war orphans.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=183}} Murphy briefly found a creative stress outlet in writing poetry after his Army discharge. His poem "The Crosses Grow on Anzio" appeared in his book To Hell and Back,{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=125}} but was attributed to the fictitious character Kerrigan.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=373–376}}

In an effort to draw attention to the problems of returning Korean War and Vietnam War veterans, Murphy spoke out candidly about his own problems with posttraumatic stress disorder.{{sfn|Redfern|2007|p=60}} It was known during Murphy's lifetime as "battle fatigue" and "shell shock", terminology that dated back to World War I. He called on the government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact of combat experiences, and to extend health care benefits to war veterans.{{sfn|Rosen|2012|pp=149–151}}{{sfn|O'Reilly|2010|pp=163–165}} As a result of legislation introduced by U.S. Congressman Olin Teague five months after Murphy's death in 1971, the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital[31] in San Antonio, now a part of the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, was dedicated in 1973.[32][33]

Texas Army National Guard

{{see also|Military career of Audie Murphy}} At the end of World War II, the 36th Infantry Division reverted to state control as part of the Texas Army National Guard,[34] and Murphy's friends Major General H. Miller Ainsworth and Brigadier General Carl L. Phinney were the 36th's commander and deputy commander respectively. After the 25 June 1950 commencement of the Korean War, Murphy began a second military career and was commissioned as a captain in the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Guard.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=340–341}}[35] During his service he drilled new recruits in the summer training camps, and granted the Guard permission to use his name and image in recruiting materials.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=342}} Although he wanted to join the fighting and juggled training activities with his film career, the 36th Infantry Division was never sent to Korea.[36]{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=194}} At his request, he transferred to inactive status on 1 October 1951 because of his film commitments with MGM Studios, and returned to active status in 1955. Murphy was promoted to the rank of major by the Texas Army National Guard in 1956 and returned to inactive status in 1957.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=157–158}} In 1969, his official separation from the Guard transferred him to the United States Army Reserve.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=339}} He remained with the USAR until his transfer to the Retired Reserve in 1969.[37]

Film career

{{main|Film career of Audie Murphy}} 在看过7月16日出版的生活杂志封面的那个年轻英雄，演员James Cagney在1945年12月邀请墨菲去好莱坞。尽管在Cagney的意料之中，但是在加里福尼亚的生活对于墨菲来说还是非常艰难。他因为缺乏经验，梦想破灭，几经破产，睡在他朋友Terry Hunt健身房的地板上。他最终在1948年在Texas,Brooklyn and Heaven和Beyond Glory 电影中得到几个小角色。他在他的第三部电影Bad Boy中担任了主角.他还在Stephen Crane内战小说中铁血雄师中出演并获得了巨大的成功。墨菲曾表示他在百战荣归中扮演自己感到巨大的不适。在1959年西部剧No Name on the Bullet尽管扮演了一个坏人，职业杀手，但是他的表演仍然受到了好评。

在从二战回来后墨菲给他姐姐一家五口在Farmersville买了一幢房子。然后他将他在送去孤儿院的三个弟弟妹妹接回来和他姐姐一起住，但是6个小孩子在同一屋檐下对最小的墨菲弟弟妹妹来说压力太大，最终墨菲把他俩接走了。 Joe和Nadine想和他哥哥待在一起，但是许多战后宣传和演艺事业，居无定所，并都无法给于他们经济上的帮助。墨菲家中最大的哥哥同意接受Nadine但墨菲不知道为什么他们不接受Joe。他找到James "Skipper" Cherry,一个达拉斯剧院的老板，墨菲把Joe交给他，他还在德州有一个4，800英亩牧场。Joe喜欢那儿墨菲也能经常去看他的弟弟和他的朋友Cherry。1973在一场采访中Cherry谈到“墨菲他当时对他的电影生涯很没有信心。” Variety俱乐部当时正在筹集奖金拍摄一部叫做Bad Boy的电影去宣传帮助那些有困难的孩子，Cherry找到当时Texas剧院主管Paul Short那部片的制片，建议他给墨菲在电影中一个重要角色。他试镜很成功，但是联合艺术家协会主席显然不想把这个重要角色交给一个没有演出经验的人手上。然而，Cherry,Short和另外一些德州剧院的老板们力挺奥迪墨菲如果不让出演主角就撤资。最后钱唱了主角，并且他也成功塑造了人物使得好莱坞的掌权人重新认识到他的才能。环球公司给了他一份七年的合同。在他电影大卖后，一些制片老板让他自己挑选角色和剧本。

他在好莱坞干了25年，奥迪墨菲拍摄不44部电影，其中33部是西部片。他最卖作也环球电影公司最卖作的是根据他的自传改编的电影百战荣归，这剖电影的票房记录至到1975年的大白鲨。在他23岁的时候那部电影让他赚到将近3000万美元。他也出现在许多电视连续剧叫像是1961年NBC西部侦探片Whispering Smith。对于动作电影的杰出贡献，奥迪墨菲在好莱坞的星光大道也留有名字。他用他的小名“Pappy”留在星光大道上，以暗示出名很早。

Throughout an acting career spanning from 1948 to 1969, Murphy made more than 40 feature films and one television series.{{refn|group=ALM|name=count|The exact count on the number of feature films Murphy made varies by source. The Hollywood Walk of Fame and other sources put his total number of feature films at 44.[38]}} When actor and producer James Cagney saw 16 July 1945 issue of Life magazine depicting Murphy as the "most decorated soldier",[27] he brought him to Hollywood. Cagney and his brother William signed him as a contract player for their production company and gave him training in acting, voice and dance.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=133}} They never cast Murphy in a movie and a personal disagreement ended the association in 1947.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=128–147}} Murphy later worked with acting coach Estelle Harman, and honed his diction by reciting dialogue from William Shakespeare and William Saroyan.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=222–223}}

Murphy moved into Terry Hunt's Athletic Club in Hollywood where he lived until 1948.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=147, 148}}{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=1–3, 42–57, 111–112}} Hollywood writer David "Spec" McClure befriended Murphy, collaborating with him on Murphy's 1949 book To Hell and Back.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=149}} McClure used his connections to get Murphy a $500 bit part in Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=150–151}} The agent of Wanda Hendrix, whom he had been dating since 1946,{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=142, 174}} got him a bit part in the 1948 Alan Ladd film Beyond Glory directed by John Farrow.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=145–146}} His 1949 film Bad Boy gave him his first leading role.[39] The film's financial backers refused to bankroll the project unless Murphy was given the lead;{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=161–162}} thus, Allied Artists put aside their reservations about using an inexperienced actor and gave him the starring role.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=162–163}}

 
Murphy in The Red Badge of Courage (1951)

Universal Studios signed Murphy to a seven-year studio contract at $2,500 a week.{{sfn|Young|Young|2010|pp=493–495}}{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=177}} His first film for them was as Billy the Kid in The Kid from Texas in 1950. He wrapped up that year making Sierra starring Wanda Hendrix, who by that time had become his wife,{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=348}} and Kansas Raiders as outlaw Jesse James. Universal lent him to MGM in 1951 at a salary of $25,000{{sfn|Ross|1997||p=100}} to play the lead of The Youth{{refn|group=ALM|name=fleming| Henry Fleming is the Youth in Stephen Crane's novel. In the 1951 film, Fleming is played by Murphy as the unnamed character "The Youth". However, Fleming is addressed by name when other characters are speaking to him.[40]}} in The Red Badge of Courage, directed by John Huston.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=196–197}} Murphy and Huston worked together again in the 1960 film The Unforgiven.{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=113, 117}}

The only film Murphy made in 1952 was The Duel at Silver Creek with director Don Siegel. Murphy worked with Siegel one more time in 1958 for The Gun Runners. In 1953, he starred in Frederick de Cordova's Column South, {{sfn|Roberts|2009|pp=125–126}} and played Jim Harvey in Nathan Juran's Tumbleweed, an adaptation of the Kenneth Perkins novel Three Were Renegades.{{sfn|Lucas|2004|pp=175–177}}{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=51–22}} Director Nathan Juran also directed Gunsmoke and Drums Across the River.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=231–232}} George Marshall directed Murphy in the 1954 Destry, a remake of Destry Rides Again, based on a character created by author Max Brand.{{sfn|Yoggy|1998|p=101}}

Although Murphy was initially reluctant to appear as himself in To Hell and Back, the 1955 adaptation of his book directed by Jesse Hibbs, he eventually agreed;{{sfn|Huebner|2007|pp=140–143}} it became the biggest hit in the history of Universal Studios at the time.{{sfn|Gossett|1996|p=15}}{{sfn|Niemi|2006||p=90}} To help publicize the release of the film, he made guest appearances on television shows such as What's My Line?,{{refn|group=ALM|name=myline| YouTube has several uploaded versions of the 5-minute What's My Line segment that features Murphy as the mystery guest. Listed as {{IMDb title|0746476|Episode dated 3 July 1955}}}} Toast of the Town,[41] and Colgate Comedy Hour.{{refn|group=ALM|name=colgate|56-minute uploaded on YouTube as Audie Murphy Attends Beverly Hilton Grand Opening 1955. He appears at 28:48 and briefly talks with Hedda Hopper about how he once gave his medals away but had them replaced by the U.S. Army.}} The Hibbs-Murphy team proved so successful in To Hell and Back{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=241–242, 244–246, 261}} that the two worked together on five subsequent films. The partnership resulted in the 1956 western Walk the Proud Land, {{sfn|Graham|1989|p=263}} and the non-westerns Joe Butterfly{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=266–267}} and World in My Corner.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=263}} They worked together for the last time in the 1958 western Ride a Crooked Trail.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=268}}

Joseph L. Mankiewicz hired Murphy to play the titular role{{refn|group=ALM|name=pyle|Alden Pyle is the American in Graham Greene's novel. In the 1958 film, Pyle is played by Murphy as the unnamed character "The American".{{sfn|DiLeo|2004|p=253}}}} in the 1958 film The Quiet American.{{sfn|O'Connor|Rollins|2008|pp=407, 414–415}} Murphy formed a partnership with Harry Joe Brown to make three films, starting with The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957). The partnership fell into disagreement over the remaining two projects, and Brown filed suit against Murphy.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=264}} Murphy featured in three westerns in 1959: he starred opposite Sandra Dee in The Wild and the Innocent,{{sfn|Cozad|2006|pp=221–222}} collaborated as an uncredited co-producer with Walter Mirisch on the black and white Cast a Long Shadow, and performed as a hired killer in No Name on the Bullet, a film that was well received by critics.{{sfn|Maltin|2008|pp=994–995}} Thelma Ritter was his costar in the 1960 Startime television episode "The Man".[42]

During the early 1960s, Murphy donated his time and otherwise lent his name and image for three episodes of The Big Picture television series produced by the United States Army. He received the 1960 Outstanding Civilian Service Medal for his cooperation in the episode Broken Bridge, which featured his visits to military installations in Germany, Italy, Turkey and the U.S. state of New Mexico to showcase the military's latest weaponry.[43]{{sfn|Simpson|1975|page=411}}

Writer Clair Huffaker wrote the 1961 screenplays for Murphy's films Seven Ways from Sundown and Posse from Hell.{{sfn|Herzberg|2005|p=153}} Willard W. Willingham and his wife Mary Willingham befriended Murphy in his early days in Hollywood and worked with him on a number of projects.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=235}}{{sfn|Pitts|2012|pp=14, 48, 114, 139, 357}}[44] Willard was a producer on Murphy's 1961 television series Whispering Smith.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=354}} and co-wrote the screenplay for Battle at Bloody Beach that year.{{sfn|Basinger|Arnold|2003|p=301}} He collaborated on Bullet for a Badman{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=48}} in 1964 and Arizona Raiders in 1965.{{sfn|Herzberg|2005|pp=79–80}} The Willinghams as a team wrote the screenplay for Gunpoint{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=139}} as well the script for Murphy's last starring lead in the western 40 Guns to Apache Pass in 1967.{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=114}} Murphy made Trunk to Cairo in Israel in 1966.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=223}}

He first met director Budd Boetticher when Murphy requested to be his boxing partner at Terry Hunt's Athletic Club.{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=1–2}} He subsequently appeared in the 1951 title role of Boetticher's first western The Cimarron Kid.{{sfn|Rausch|Dequina|2008|pp=38, 39}} Boetticher wrote the script in 1969 for Murphy's last film A Time for Dying.{{sfn|Boggs|2011|pp=189–194}} Two other projects that Murphy and Boetticher planned to collaborate on – A Horse for Mr Barnum and When There's Sumpthin' to Do – never came to fruition.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=310}}

Personal life

 
Murphy in 1961

1949年墨菲与Wanda Hendrix结婚,后在1951年离婚。他又与一个前空姐，后又成为一名战地护士的女性Pamela Archer结婚，肓有两子Terrance Michael "Terry" Murphy (生于 1952) and James Shannon "Skipper" Murphy (生于1954)。这两个名字是代表了墨菲最要好的两个朋友，分别是Terry Hunt 和James "Skipper" Cherry。墨菲后来成为了一个成功的演员，牧场主，和商人，他圈养赛马。他在 Texas, Tucson, Arizona and Menifee, California都有牧场。

Murphy married actress Wanda Hendrix on 8 January 1949,{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=174}} and their divorce became final on 19 April 1951.[45] Four days later he married former airline stewardess Pamela Archer.[46] He had two sons with Archer: Terry Michael Murphy, born in 1952,[47]{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=269}} and James Shannon "Skipper" Murphy, born in 1954.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=250}}

Murphy bred quarter horses at the Audie Murphy Ranch in what is now Menifee, California, and the Murphy Ranch in Pima County, Arizona.{{refn|group=ALM|name=ranch|The Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website has user-generated information on an Arizona quarter horse ranch Murphy purchased in 1956 and sold to Guy Mitchell in 1958.[48] While not stating that the use of Murphy's name and image were authorized by his estate, the website of the Menifee, California residential development named "Audie Murphy Ranch" does claim it is the location of the ranch Murphy owned in California.[49] Menifee was incorporated in 2008 and borders the community of Perris.}} His horses raced at the Del Mar Racetrack and he invested large sums of money in the hobby.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=256–258}} Murphy had a gambling habit that left his finances in a poor state. In 1968, he stated that he lost $260,000 in an Algerian oil deal and was dealing with the Internal Revenue Service over unpaid taxes.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=307}} In spite of his financial difficulties, Murphy refused to appear in commercials for alcohol and cigarettes, mindful of the influence he would have on the youth market.[50]

Death and commemorations

{{Main|1971 Colorado Aviation Aero Commander 680 crash}}

 
Murphy's headstone at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia

On 28 May 1971, Murphy was killed when the private plane in which he was a passenger crashed into Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, {{convert|20|mi|km|sp=us}} west of Roanoke in conditions of rain, clouds, fog and zero visibility.[51] The pilot and four other passengers were also killed.[52] The aircraft was a twin-engine Aero Commander 680 flown by a pilot who had a private-pilot license and a reported 8,000 hours of flying time, but who held no instrument rating. The aircraft was recovered on 31 May.{{sfn|Maslowski|Winslow|2005|p=420}} After her husband died, Pamela Murphy moved into a small apartment and got a clerk position at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles, where she remained employed for 35 years.[53] In 1975, a court awarded Murphy's widow and two children $2.5 million in damages because of the accident.[54]

 
Monument at the site of the plane crash in which Audie Murphy was killed

On 7 June 1971, Murphy was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. In attendance were Ambassador to the U.N. George H.W. Bush, Army Chief of Staff William Westmoreland, and many of the 3rd Infantry Division.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=338}} Murphy's grave site is in Section 46, headstone number 46-366-11, located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater. A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects. It is the cemetery's second most-visited grave site, after that of President John F. Kennedy.[55]

The headstones of Medal of Honor recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are normally decorated in gold leaf. Murphy previously requested that his stone remain plain and inconspicuous, like that of an ordinary soldier.[56] The headstone contains the incorrect birth year 1924, based upon the falsified materials among his military records.[57] In 1974, a large granite marker was erected just off the Appalachian Trail at {{Coord|37.364554|N|80.225748|W|display=inline|name=Audie Murphy monument}} at 3,100′ elevation, near the crash site.{{sfn|Cavileer|2013|p=290}}

Civilian honors were bestowed on Murphy during his lifetime and posthumously, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[58] In 2013, Murphy was honored by his home state with the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor.{{refn|group=ALM|name=texas|The actual award was presented by Governor Rick Perry to Murphy's family on 29 October 2013 at a ceremony in Farmersville, Texas.[59][60][61][62]}}

Swedish power metal band Sabaton wrote a song on their 2014 studio album, Heroes, also named "To Hell and Back", commemorating and recognizing Audie Murphy as one of the most decorated American veterans of World War II.[63]

歌曲创作

他《百战荣归》这本书的合作者David "Spec" McClure，在与墨菲写回忆录过程中，在墨菲好莱坞的公寓中见到了丢弃的诗句，于是发现了墨菲写诗的才能。《百战荣归》中收录的这些诗中的《The Crosses Grow on Anzio》，是献给一个叫Kerrigan的士兵的。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=374}} 其他的诗只收录了两首，《Alone and Far Removed》{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=374}}和《Freedom Flies in Your Heart Like an Eagle》。后者是1968年墨菲为献给蒙哥马利的阿拉巴马战争纪念馆所作的演讲的一部分，后来斯科特·特纳为这首诗谱了曲，名为《Dusty Old Helmet》。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=374–376}}

墨菲是一个乡村音乐迷，特别是对鲍勃·威尔斯和切特·阿特金斯的音乐，但他本人既不是歌手也不是音乐家。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=371, 373}} 通过他的录音艺术家朋友蓋·米歇爾介绍，他在20世纪40年代认识了作曲家{{le|斯科特·特纳 (作曲家)|Scott Turner (songwriter)|斯科特·特纳}}。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=298}} 他们三人在1962到1970年间一起创作了不少歌曲，最成功的当属《Shutters and Boards》和《When the Wind Blows in Chicago》。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=372}}

延伸阅读

  • Smith, David A. The Price of Valor: The Life of Audie Murphy, America's Most Decorated Hero of World War II, Regnery History (2015) ISBN 978-1-62157-317-3

注释

脚注

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文献引用

{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

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  • {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Lillian |title=Picture |year=1997 |publisher=Modern Library |isbn=978-0-679-60254-5 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Harold B. |title=Audie Murphy, American Soldier |year=1975 |publisher=Hill Jr. College Press |isbn=978-0-912172-20-0 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Spiller|first=Roger J|last2=Dawson|first2=Joseph G|title=The Texas Military Experience: From the Texas Revolution Through World War II|year=2010 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-197-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Tate|first=J. R |title=Walkin' with the Ghost Whisperers|year=2006|publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-4544-4 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Whiting|first=Charles|title=America's forgotten army: the story of the U.S. Seventh|year=2001|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-312-97655-2 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Willbanks |first=James H|title=America's heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-394-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Yoggy |first=Gary A. |title=Back in the Saddle: Essays on Western Film and Television Actors |year=1998 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc |isbn=978-0-7864-0566-4 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Young|first=William H |title=World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35652-0 |last2=Young |first2=Nancy K. |ref=harv}}

{{refend}}

外部链接

  • {{Commons category-inline|Audie Murphy}}

{{Portal bar|第二次世界大戰|人物}} {{Authority control}}

{{Persondata | NAME = Murphy, Audie Leon | SHORT DESCRIPTION = U.S. soldier and actor | DATE OF BIRTH = 20 June 1925 | PLACE OF BIRTH = Kingston, Texas, U.S. | DATE OF DEATH = 28 May 1971 | PLACE OF DEATH = Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, U.S.}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy, Audie}} Category:1925年出生 Category:1971年逝世 Category:美國電影男演員 Category:美國第二次世界大戰軍事人物 Category:爱尔兰裔美国人 Category:安葬於阿靈頓國家公墓者 分類:法國榮譽軍團勳章持有人 Category:銅星勳章獲得者 Category:功績勳章獲得者 Category:紫心勳章獲得者 Category:銀星勳章獲得者 Category:美國陸軍榮譽勳章獲得者 Category:美國陸軍軍官 Category:美國空難身亡者

  1. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=BIOGRAPHY A short biographical sketch|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/biography.htm%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  2. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of original Application for Degrees, N. Hollywood Freemasons|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc026/NH542FAM_17Dec54.pdf%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  3. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of charred California driver's license for Audie Murphy, recovered from crash site after his death|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc034/AudieMurphyDriversLicense.pdf%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 {{cite web|title=Scan of service records 1942–1971|url=http://audiemurphy.com/documents/doc063/01_Service_Documents.pdf%7Cpublisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  5. ^ {{cite web|last=Minor|first=David|title=Boles Home|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ynb02%7Cwork=Handbook of Texas Online|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  6. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website |title=Scan of Audie Murphy's Service Record book|url=http://audiemurphy.com/documents/doc063/03_Service_Record_Book.pdf}}
  7. ^ {{cite web|title=NRHP Greenville Post Office|url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=2074002081&site_name=Post+Office+Building&class=2002%7Cpublisher=Texas Historical Commission|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  8. ^ {{cite web|title=The Old Greenville Post Office|url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5231007799&site_name=Greenville+Post+Office&class=5000%7Cpublisher=Texas Historical Commission|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  9. ^ {{cite web|title=Sicily 1943|work=CMH Pub 72-16 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-16/72-16.htm%7Cpublisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  10. ^ {{cite web|last=|title=Naples-Foggia 1943 1944|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm%7Cwork=CMH Pub 72-17 |publisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  11. ^ {{cite web|title=The Allied Offensive (30 January-1 February)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/anziobeach/anzio-allied.htm%7Cwork=Anzio Beachhead CMH Pub 100-10|publisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12|pp=28–36}}
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Tanber|first=George G.|title=Who Had More Medals? Depends on Who's Counting|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Mg0wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nwQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1938,4679328&dq=who-has-more-medals&hl=en%7Caccessdate=2013-10-08%7Cnewspaper=Toledo Blade|date=2005-05-05|p=3}}
  13. ^ {{cite web|work=Military Times|title=Hall of Valor|publisher=|url=http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=209%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 {{cite web|title=Southern France|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/sfrance/sfrance.htm%7Cwork=CMH Pub 72-31 |publisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 {{cite web|last=Hollen|first=Staff Sergeant Norman|title=Statement describing Murphy's August 15, 1944 actions near Ramatuelle, France|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299779|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299779 |date=December 1944|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 {{cite web|last=Abramski|first=Pvt. First Class Anthony V.|title=Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299775|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299775 |date=1945-02-27|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  17. ^ {{cite web|last=Weispfenning|first=First Lieutenant Walter W.|title=Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299785|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299785 |date=1945-04-18|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  18. ^ {{cite web|last=Ware|first=Kenneth L.|title=Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299784|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299784 |date=1945-04-18|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  19. ^ {{cite web|last=|title=World War II Medal of Honor Recipients M-S|accessdate=2013-10-12|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-m-s.html |publisher=Center of Military History United States Army}}
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 {{cite web|title=The Price of Freedom: Americans at War|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/collection/object.asp?ID=421%7Cpublisher=Smithsonian National Museum of American History|accessdate=2014-02-24}}
  21. ^ {{cite web|last=Dept. of Defense|title=Award of the "Au Grade De Chevalier" for Murphy's exceptional services rendered during operations to liberate France., 07/19/1948|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299781|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299781%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  22. ^ {{cite web|last=Dept. of Defense |title=De La Croix De Guerre Award for Murphy's services rendered during operations to liberate France|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299782|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299782 |date=1945-04-16|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  23. ^ {{cite web|last=Edson|first=Lt. Colonel Hallet D..|title=Recommendation from Lt. Colonel Hallet D. Edson, 15th Infantry, to Award of Medal of Honor to Lieutenant Audie L. Murphy|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299777|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299777 |date=1945-02-17|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  24. ^ {{cite web|last=Lovett|first=Brigadier General R.B.|title=Recommendation from Brigadier General R.B. Lovett, to Lieutenant General A.M. Patch, for Audie L. Murphy to be awarded the Medal of Honor and General Patch's approval|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299783|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299783 |date=1945-04-12|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  25. ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/war-excerpt-about-staff-sgt-salvatore-giunta-s-actions-1.117774%7Ctitle='War' excerpt about Staff Sgt. Salvatore Giunta's actions|publisher=Stars and Stripes|date=2010-09-10|accessdate=2010-11-16| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101203224555/http://www.stripes.com/war-excerpt-about-staff-sgt-salvatore-giunta-s-actions-1.117774%7Carchivedate=2010-12-03%7C deadurl=no}}{{cite book|url=http://www.commandposts.com/2011/01/audie-murphy%7Ctitle=Focus On Audie Murphy|work=Command Posts|publisher=MacMillan |first=Callie|last=Oettinger|date=2011-01-26}}
  26. ^ {{cite web|last=|url=http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r600_8_22.pdf |work=U.S. Army Regulation 600-8-22: Military Awards|publisher=Department of the Army Administrative Publications|date=2013-06-23|at=chapter 2, section II, 3–14|title=Soldier's Medal |accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 {{cite journal|ref=harv |title=Life Visits Audie Murphy |journal=Life|publisher=|url=http://books.google.com/?id=fEgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=life+magazine+july+16+1945+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=life%20magazine%20july%2016%201945%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false |date=1945-07-16|pages=94–97|accessdate=2013-10-12 }}
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 {{cite web|title=Scan of service records 1953–1971|url=http://audiemurphy.com/documents/doc063/02_Service_Documents.pdf%7Cpublisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  29. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of Audie L. Murphy signed request for his Good Conduct Medal, addressed to the Commanding Officer at Fort Sam Houston|date=1945-08-21|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc017/GoodConductMedalRequest_21Aug45.pdf |accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  30. ^ {{cite web|title=Army Reserve, a Concise History|url=http://www.usar.army.mil/ourstory/History/Documents/Concise%20History%20Brochure_FA_revised%20April%202013_web%20version.pdf%7Cpublisher=United States Army Reserve|accessdate=2014-04-16}}
  31. ^ {{cite web|title=Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital|url=http://www.southtexas.va.gov/locations/directions.asp%7Cpublisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|accessdate=2014-01-11}}
  32. ^ {{cite web|publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|title=About the South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS)|url=http://www.southtexas.va.gov/About/index.asp%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  33. ^ {{cite web|last=Teague|first=Congressman Olin|title=Designating the Veteran's Administration Hospital in San Antonio Texas As the Audie L. Murphy Veterans' Memorial Hospital|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/congress_001.htm%7Cwork=Congressional Record|location=Washington, D.C.|date=1971-10-13|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  34. ^ {{cite web|last=Dawson III|first=Joseph G.|title=Thirty-Sixth Infantry Division|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qnt03%7Cwork=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2014-04-14}}
  35. ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc025/TexNG_OathOfOffice_14July50.pdf%7Cformat=PDF%7Ctitle=Audie Murphy's Commissioning Oath of Office paperwork|work=NARA service document}}
  36. ^ {{cite web|last=Simpson|first=Harold B|title=Audie Leon Murphy|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmu13 |work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  37. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of Retired Reserve request|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc033/Req_Retired_Reserves_18Apr69.pdf%7Cdate=1969-04-18 |accessdate=2014-04-14}}
  38. ^ {{cite web |title=Audie Murphy |url=http://www.walkoffame.com/audie-murphy |publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame |accessdate=2013-12-30}}
  39. ^ {{cite journal|last=Movies of the Month|title=Bad Boy|journal=Boys' Life|page=50|date=April 1949|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zj1uY2cSGv8C&pg=PA50%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2014-05-22}}
  40. ^ {{cite journal|last=Mauldin|first=Bill|title=Parting Shots|journal=LIFE|publisher=|page=77|date=1971-06-11|volume=70|issue=22|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=REEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77%7Caccessdate=2014-05-22}}
  41. ^ {{cite web|title=Message to TAGO from H.D. Kight, Public Information Division, detailing an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show by Audie L. Murphy |url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299780 |publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299780|date=1955-09-24|accessdate=2013-10-10}}
  42. ^ {{cite web |publisher=Library of Congress|title=Ford Startime. The Man LC control no. 96500439 |url=http://lccn.loc.gov/96500439 |accessdate=2013-10-10}}
  43. ^ {{citation|title=Broken Bridge|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/2569746 |year=1974|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 2569746|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  44. ^ {{cite web |title=Willard Willingham filmography |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/116932/Willard-Willingham/filmography |work=New York Times |accessdate=2013-01-06}}
  45. ^ {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=|title=Divorces|journal=The Billboard|date=1951-04-28|page=48|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Jh8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=wanda+hendrix+divorce+1951+billboard+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=wanda%20hendrix%20divorce%201951%20billboard%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cauthor1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}
  46. ^ {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=|title=Marriages|journal=The Billboard|date=1951-05-05|page=48|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ih8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=pamela+archer+marriage+1951+billboard+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=pamela%20archer%20marriage%201951%20billboard%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cauthor1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}
  47. ^ {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=|title=Births|journal=The Billboard|date=1952-03-22|page=55|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hx4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=births+1952+billboard+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=births%201952%20billboard%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cauthor1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}
  48. ^ {{cite web|title=Homes Owned or Lived in By Audie Murphy|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/places014.htm |publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  49. ^ {{cite web|title=Audie Murphy Ranch|url=http://audiemurphyranch.com/%7Cpublisher=Brookfield Residential|accessdate=2014-03-25}}
  50. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Scott|first=Vernon|title=One-Time Hero Audie Murphy is Now Broke and In Debt|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1774&dat=19680922&id=1jsgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AGYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7368,5127401%7Cnewspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=1968-09-22|p=8|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  51. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Landon|first=Tom|title=Audie Murphy crash site now well marked|url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/columns_and_blogs/columns/whats_on_your_mind/audie-murphy-crash-site-now-well-marked/article_d2b6682a-b8ba-56aa-b715-09083e25121b.html |newspaper=The Roanoke Times|date=2013-06-09|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  52. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Baskerville|first=Bill|title=Audie Murphy, five others, found dead|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BclMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bVADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5773,5340217&dq=audie+murphy+found+dead&hl=en%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cnewspaper=The Prescott Courier|date=1971-05-31|p=1}}
  53. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=McCarthy|first=Dennis|title=Pam Murphy, widow of actor Audie Murphy, was veterans' friend and advocate|url= http://www.dailynews.com/20100414/dennis-mccarthy-pam-murphy-widow-of-actor-audie-murphy-was-veterans-friend-and-advocate%7Cnewspaper=Los Angeles Daily News|date=2010-04-14|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  54. ^ {{cite web|last=Colorado Court of Appeals|title=Murphy v. Colorado Aviation Inc.|publisher=Leagle|url= http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781465588P2d877_11452%7C accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  55. ^ {{cite web|last=Team Lee Audie Murphy Club|title=Audie Murphy Biography|url=http://www.lee.army.mil/audie.murphy/audie.murphy.club.biography.aspx?iframe=true&width=95%&height=95% |publisher=U.S. Army Fort Lee, Virginia|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  56. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery|title=Biography of Audie Murphy|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/History/Military/HF_AudieMurphy.aspx%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  57. ^ {{cite web|url=http://audiemurphy.com/biography.htm%7Ctitle=Audie Murphy Research Foundation|author=Richard L. Rodgers|work=audiemurphy.com}}
  58. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame|title=Inducted to the Walk of Fame on February 8, 1960 with 1 star|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/audie-murphy%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  59. ^ {{cite web|title=Gov. Perry Awards Audie Murphy Texas Legislative Medal of Honor|url=http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/19046/%7Cwork=Press Release|publisher=Office of Governor Rick Perry|accessdate=2013-10-29}}
  60. ^ {{cite web|last=Texas Legislature|title=Bill HCR3 Legislative Medal of Honor |url=http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=832&Bill=HCR3%7Cpublisher=State of Texas|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  61. ^ {{cite news|last=Slinkard|first=Caleb| ref=harv|title=Murphy finally gets medal|url=http://heraldbanner.com/local/x250195575/Murphy-finally-gets-medal |newspaper=Herald Banner|date=2013-08-21|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  62. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Root|first=Jay|title=Audie Murphy, a Texas Hero Still Missing One Medal|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/us/audie-murphy-a-texas-hero-still-missing-one-medal.html?_r=1&%7Cnewspaper=The New York Times|date=2013-06-20|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  63. ^ {{cite av media|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZNeastYxEc%7Ctitle=SABATON – To Hell And Back (OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO)|date=2014-05-15|work=YouTube|accessdate=2015-04-26}}
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