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圖書館:Draft:奥迪·墨菲

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{{vfd|廢置草稿|date=2018/05/22}}

{{Infobox military person | name = 奧迪·墨菲 |birth_name=奧迪·萊昂·墨菲 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|6|20}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|1971|5|28|1925|6|20}} | birth_place = 美國德克薩斯州亨特縣金士頓 | death_place = Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, U.S. | placeofburial = 阿靈頓國家公墓 | death_cause = 飛機失事 | image = Audie Murphy.jpg | image_size = 250 | caption = 奧迪墨菲軍裝照 | allegiance = 美國 | branch = {{plainlist|

}} | serviceyears = {{plainlist|

}} | rank = {{plainlist|

  • 陸軍中尉
  • 國民警衛隊少校

}} | unit = {{plainlist|

}} | battles = {{plainlist|

  • World War II

{{flatlist|

}}}} | awards ={{plainlist|

}} | laterwork = Actor; songwriter | signature = Audie Murphy (signature).png | signature_size = 150px | signature_alt = Audie Murphy | website = {{URL|http://www.audiemurphy.com%7CAudie L. Murphy}} }}

奧迪·萊昂·墨菲（{{lang-en|Audie Leon Murphy}}，{{bd|1926年|6月20日|1971年|5月28日|catIdx=Murphy, Audie}}）是二戰中授勳最多的美國軍人之一，得到了美國陸軍的所有軍事作戰英勇獎，以及法國和比利時的英雄獎。他19歲的時候，在1945年1月，墨菲因在法國的科爾馬包圍戰孤軍抵擋了整連的德國士兵一個小時而獲得了榮譽勳章，隨後在受傷而且彈藥耗盡之下領導了一次成功的反擊。

墨菲是出世於德克薩斯亨特縣的一個大佃農家庭在。他的父親拋棄了他們，當他還是個孩子的時候，他的母親去世了。墨菲五年級的時候退學，靠摘棉花並找其他的工作來養家；打獵技術是他獲取食物的必需手段。墨菲姐姐幫他偽造了他的出生日期的文件以符合參軍的最低年齡要求，在海軍和海軍陸戰隊拒絕之後，他加入了陸軍。西西里島戰役和安齊奧戰役中他開始加入戰鬥，1944年層參與解放羅馬與入侵法國南部。墨菲在蒙特利馬爾戰鬥，並在10月帶領他的部下在法國東北部克萊里耶附近的L'Omet採石場成功突襲。

戰爭結束後，墨菲開始了21年的演藝生涯。他在根據他1949年的同名回憶錄改編的1955年的百戰榮歸（To Hell and Back）自傳電影中扮演自己的角色，但他的大多數電影是西部片。他曾在明星電視節目中客串，並主演了血戰霹靂車系列。墨菲是一個相當有成就的歌曲作者，並在加利福尼亞州和亞利桑那州飼養美洲奎特馬，經常參與賽馬。

因他患有如今稱為創傷後應激障礙（PTSD）的疾病，他會將一把上膛的手槍放在枕頭下面。在他生命的最後幾年中，他為金錢問題所苦，但他拒絕在酒精和香菸廣告中亮相，因為他不想樹立壞榜樣。1971年，墨菲在他46歲生日前夕在一次飛機失事中去世，他帶著所有的軍方榮譽安葬在阿靈頓國家公墓。

早期經歷

奧迪·萊昂·墨菲，來自一個有著愛爾蘭血統的佃農家庭，1925年6月20日出生於德州{{le|金士頓 (德克薩斯州)|Kingston, Texas|金士頓}}，{{refn|group=ALM|name=birth|Murphy's son Terry is the President of the Audie Murphy Research Foundation, which in both its biographical sketch and Murphy Family Tree list his year of birth as 1925.[1] Murphy's date of birth has been given as both 1925 and 1924 by Murphy himself. He seemed to go back and forth on the dates for the rest of his life. His sister Corrine Burns as his nearest living kin signed a notarized document attesting to the birth date of 20 June 1924 that Murphy put on his enlistment application, falsifying his year of birth in order to make him appear old enough to meet the U.S. Army age qualification for enlistment. Subsequently, all military records show the falsified date as his birth date.[2] His California driver's license showed a birth date of 1925.[3][4]}} 在家裡12個孩子中排行第七，父親名為Emmett Berry Murphy，母親是Josie Bell Killian。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=5}}

孩童時期的墨菲性格孤僻且脾氣暴躁。他在德克薩斯州的{{le|法默斯維爾 (德克薩斯州)|Farmersville, Texas|法默斯維爾}}、{{le|格林維爾 (德克薩斯州)|Greenville, Texas|格林維爾}}和{{le|塞萊斯特 (德克薩斯州)|Celeste, Texas|塞萊斯特}}幾地長大，並在塞萊斯特上了小學。父親在厭倦了操持家庭的生活後，最終拋棄了他們。墨菲在五年級輟學，找到了一份工作摘棉花的工作，用每天一美元的薪資支撐整個家庭的開支，而打獵技術則是他獲取食物的必需手段。 1941年母親死於心內膜炎和肺炎之後{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=28}}，他就在電台維修店、雜貨店、車庫和格林維爾的加油站打工{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=7}}。 亨特縣有關部門把他的三個年輕的兄弟姐妹寄養在博爾斯兒童之家，一家{{le|昆蘭 (德克薩斯州)|Quinlan, Texas|昆蘭}}的基督教孤兒院[5]。亨特縣有關部門把他的三個年輕的兄弟姐妹寄養在博爾斯兒童之家，一家昆蘭的基督教孤兒院。戰爭結束後,在法默斯維爾給大姐科瑞恩和她的丈夫波蘭波恩買了一棟房子並為其他兄弟姐妹共享{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}}。

喪母之痛貫穿了他的一生。他後來提到:

{{quote|她在我十六歲時就去世了。她那一頭及地的長髮是我所見過的世界上最美的。她話很少，似乎總是在尋找什麼我不知道的東西。我們從不交流感情。但當她去世了之後,我才感覺到她似乎帶走了一些與我有關的東西，于是之後我也一直在尋覓著。{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=143}}}}

二戰服役經歷

墨菲一直想成為一名軍人，1941年12月在日本偷襲珍珠港之後,他試著應徵入伍，{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=7}}但陸軍、海軍和海軍陸戰隊都以體重不足年齡不夠為緣由拒絕了他。之後他的姐姐偽造了一份證明，將他的年齡改大了一歲，後來在1942年6月30日終於被美國陸軍部隊接受。{{refn|group=ALM| name=birth}}{{refn|group=ALM|name=weight|Conflicting information exists as to Murphy's date and place of enlistment. The Audie L. Murphy Memorial website has scanned documents from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration that include Corrinne Burns' statement and Murphy's "Induction Record", which shows him "Enlisted at Dallas, Texas" on 30 June 1942, and the line above it says "Accepted for service at Greenville, Texas". The National Register of Historic Places Listing added the Greenville post office as historic site number 74002081 in 1974, citing it as Murphy's place of enlistment, possibly referring to the act the military termed "Accepted for service". The NRHP also shows his enlistment date as 20 June 1942 which might be the date he was accepted for service.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}}[6][7][8]{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=23, 24}} }}在結束了{{le|沃爾特斯堡|Fort Wolters|沃爾特斯營地}}的基礎訓練之後,{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=29}} 他被送往{{le|喬治·G·米德堡|Fort George G. Meade|米德堡}}接受高級步兵訓練。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=33–34}} 在基本訓練他贏得了步槍組優秀射手徽章和刺刀組專業徽章。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|page=49}}

地中海戰場

1943年2月20日墨菲被運送到法屬摩洛哥的卡薩布蘭卡。他被分配到第三步兵師{{le|第15步兵團 (美國)|15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|第15步兵團}}1營B中隊，{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=36}} 聽從{{le|盧西安·沓斯考特|Lucian Truscott}}少將的安排和命令。 {{sfn|Graham|1989|p=36}}{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=41}} 他在排里擔任排通訊兵和他的同伴一起在阿爾及利亞的阿爾澤接受嚴格的訓練，為盟軍登陸西西里島做準備{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=36}}{{sfn|Champagne|2008|pp=45–47}}， 並在5月7日和7月15日先後晉升為上等兵和下士。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=37}}{{sfn|Graham|1989|p = 39}}

7月10日，當第三步兵降落在西西里的利卡塔過程中，墨菲是師部的通信員。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=38, 39}}[9] 在一次偵察巡邏中，他在卡尼卡蒂附近解決了兩名逃跑的義大利軍官。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=40}} 7月20日，在病了一個星期後重返B中隊，到達巴勒莫執行任務，{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=43}} 他們被分配到一個山坡上的定點保護機關槍炮位，而其他的步兵第3師則在通往盟軍收復的墨西拿中轉港途中的聖夫拉泰洛戰鬥。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=44}}

墨菲1943年9月參與了薩萊諾的巴蒂帕利亞登陸作戰。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=47}} 在沃爾圖諾河沿岸執行偵察任務時,他和另外兩名士兵遭到德國機關槍開火,其中一個美國人同伴被殺死。墨菲和另一個同伴進行了反擊，成功用手榴彈和機槍開火幹掉五名德國士兵。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=47, 48}} 10月，在米尼亞諾蒙泰倫戈193號高地附近參與盟軍的進攻沃土諾防線的戰鬥時，{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=47}}[10] 他和同伴們擊敗七個德國士兵擊，殺死三個抓獲四個。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=48, 49}} 12月13日墨菲被提升為中士。{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=106}}

1944年1月，墨菲被提升為陸軍上士。{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=106}} 1月21日因感染瘧疾他在那不勒斯住院，沒能在鵝卵石行動中打頭陣。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=50}} 1月29日重返隊伍，參與了{{le|奇斯泰爾納之戰|Battle of Cisterna|奇斯泰爾納首戰}}，[11]{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=51, 52}} 並在這次戰役後榮升為B中隊的排副。{{sfn|Champagne|2008|pp=111–112}} 他和第三師回到安齊奧,後來在那裡呆了好幾個月。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=54}} 3月2日在一個廢棄的農舍躲避惡劣的天氣時，墨菲和他的隊友殺掉了路過的一輛德軍坦克上的士兵。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=58, 59}} 然後他獨自爬出來在適當的距離內用步槍手榴彈炸毀了那輛坦克，由此他獲得了帶有{{le|V字紋章|"V" Device}}的銅星勳章。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=59}}[12] 在3月13日之前，墨菲都一直執行偵察巡邏抓捕德軍的任務，直到第二輪瘧疾復發他才又在醫院治療了一周。5月8日，包括墨菲在內的61名步兵軍官、B中隊的在籍士兵和第15步兵均被授予{{le|作戰步兵徽章|Combat Infantryman Badge}}。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=102}} 墨菲也獲得{{le|橡木葉簇|Oak Leaf Cluster|橡葉簇銅質獎章}}。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=276}}[13] 6月4日,美國軍隊解放了羅馬，墨菲和他的排一直在羅馬駐守到7月。{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=64, 65}}

歐洲戰區

墨菲因在1944年8月15日第一波盟軍侵入法國南部時參與戰鬥獲得了傑出服役十字勳章{{sfn|Brinkley|2004|p=191}}{{sfn|Champagne|2008|p=161}}。[14] 在拉馬蒂埃爾附近的黃色海灘登陸後，[15] 墨菲的排在穿過葡萄園時遭到了德國士兵的攻擊。他拿回了已經脫離隊伍的一桿機槍，對德國士兵進行了回擊,擊斃兩人打傷一人。[15] 兩個德國人被迫後退大約{{convert|100|yd|m}}之後投了降；但當墨菲最好的朋友同意之後，他們卻開槍打死了他朋友。墨菲獨自一人前進與之正面交火。最終他殺死了六個，打傷兩個，帶回11名囚犯。[15]

8月27–28日墨菲所在的15步兵團一營在蒙特利馬爾進行防守，保護該地區不受德軍侵犯。[14]{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|p = 166}} 後來他和一同執行任務的戰友們獲得了總統集體表彰。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p = 124}}

1944年9月15日墨菲在法國東北部的一次迫擊炮彈爆炸中腳後跟受了傷，但他也因此獲得了人生中的第一個紫心勳章。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=72}}{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|pp=285–296}}{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=128}} 10月2日，墨菲在L'Omet採石場{{le|科魯力河|Cleurie (river)}}流域發現德軍機槍駐紮部隊，成功殺死四名打傷三名士兵，並因此獲得了第一枚銀星勳章。{{sfn|Brinkley|2004|p=191}} 三天後，墨菲獨自攜一部{{le|SCR-536|SCR-536}}無線電（收發機）潛入L'Omet的德軍陣營，並在德軍的正面開火下指揮部下長達一個小時。他的部下最終占領了整座山，擊斃15名德軍，打傷35人。墨菲的行動為他的銀星勳章添上了橡木葉簇。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=131–135}} 10月14日他被{{le|戰場升職|Battlefield promotion|戰場委任}}為少尉，並晉升為排長。{{sfn|Fredriksen|2010|p=279}} 10月26日，在去往布魯沃略爾的途中， B中隊第三排遭到德國狙擊手的襲擊。墨菲在被狙擊手擊中髖關節抓獲了其中的兩名，後來他進行了回擊，擊中了狙擊手的眉間。在普羅旺斯地區艾克斯第三總醫院接受了治療，{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=81–83}} 將壞疽從傷口傷口移除造成部分臀部肌肉的損失,但他一直堅持戰鬥到1月。{{sfn|Brinkley|2004|p=191}} 這次負傷為他的紫心徽章添上了人生中第一個青銅橡葉簇。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=82}}{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=137}}

The Colmar Pocket, {{convert|850|sqmi|km2}} in the Vosges Mountains, had been held by German troops since November 1944.{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|p=533}} On 14 January 1945, Murphy rejoined his platoon, which had been moved to the Colmar area in December.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=86}} He moved with the 3rd Division on 24 January to the town of Holtzwihr, where they faced a strong German counterattack.{{sfn|Clarke|Smith|1993|pp=543–544}} He was wounded in both legs, for which he received a second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=153}} As the company awaited reinforcements on 26 January, he was made commander of Company B.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=88}}

The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer, setting it alight, forcing the crew to abandon it.[16] Murphy ordered his men to retreat to positions in the woods, remaining alone at his post, shooting his M1 carbine and directing artillery fire via his field telephone while the Germans aimed fire directly at his position.[17] Murphy mounted the abandoned, burning tank destroyer and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans, killing a squad crawling through a ditch towards him.[18] For an hour, Murphy stood on the tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He sustained a leg wound during his stand, and stopped only after he ran out of ammunition.[16] Murphy rejoined his men, disregarding his own wound, and led them back to repel the Germans. He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated.[16] For his actions that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.[19] The 3rd Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at the Colmar Pocket, giving Murphy a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for the emblem.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=164}}

On 16 February, Murphy was promoted to first lieutenant{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=95}} and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service from 22 January 1944 to 18 February 1945.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=175–176}} He was moved from the front lines to Regimental Headquarters and made a liaison officer.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=96}}

Decorations

{{Main|Audie Murphy honors and awards}}

 
Army version of the Medal of Honor

The United States additionally honored Murphy's war contributions with the American Campaign Medal,[20] the European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with arrowhead device and campaign stars,[20] the World War II Victory Medal,[20] and the Army of Occupation Medal with Germany Clasp.[12][20] France recognized his service with the French Legion of Honor – Grade of Chevalier,[21] the French Croix de guerre with Silver Star,[22] the French Croix de guerre with Palm,{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=410}} the French Liberation Medal[12][20] and the French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre,[12] which was authorized for all members of the 3rd Infantry Division who fought in France during World War II. Belgium awarded Murphy the Belgian Croix de guerre with 1940 Palm.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=410}}

Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett and Lieutenant Colonel Hallet D. Edson recommended Murphy for the Medal of Honor.[23][24] Near Salzburg, Austria on 2 June 1945,{{sfn|Willbanks|2011|p=234}} Lieutenant General A.M. Patch{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}} presented Murphy with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit for his actions at Holtzwihr. When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry, he replied, "They were killing my friends."[25] Murphy received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army for his World War II service.{{refn|group=ALM| name=valor|Murphy's war service was combat-related. Therefore, he did not receive the non-combat Soldier's Medal. Act of Congress (Public Law 446–69th Congress, 2 July 1926 (44 Stat. 780) established the Soldier's Medal for heroism "as defined in 10 USC 101(d), at the time of the heroic act who distinguished himself or herself by heroism not involving actual combat with the enemy.")[26] At the end of his World War II service, Murphy became known as America's most decorated soldier.[27]}}

Postwar military service

Inquiries were made through official channels about the prospect of Murphy attending West Point upon his return to the United States, but he never enrolled.[4][28] Author Don Graham wrote that Murphy suggested the idea and then dropped it, possibly when he realized the extent of academic preparation needed to pass the entrance exam.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=127}} Murphy was one of several military personnel who received orders on 8 June 1945 to report to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, for temporary duty and reassignment.[4][28] Upon arrival on 13 June, he was one of four assigned to Fort Sam Houston Army Ground & Services Redistribution Station and sent home for 30 days of recuperation, with permission to travel anywhere within the United States during that period.[4] While on leave, Murphy was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches.{{sfn|Spiller|Dawson|2010|loc=chpt Man Against Fire: Audie Murphy and His War|pp=137–154}} He received a belated Good Conduct Medal on 21 August.[29] He was discharged with the rank of first lieutenant at a 50 percent disability classification on 21 September and transferred to the Officers' Reserve Corps.{{refn|group=ALM |name=reserve|The Officers' Reserve Corps was originally one of several units of the United States Organized Reserve that also included the Enlisted Reserve Corps, Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Organized Reserve was restructured during the Korean War and renamed the United States Army Reserve. The new structure was divided into the Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve and Retired Reserve.[28][30]}}

Post-traumatic stress

 
Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in San Antonio, Texas

Murphy had been plagued since his military service with insomnia and bouts of depression, and slept with a loaded pistol under his pillow.{{sfn|Murphy|2002|pp=122–124}}{{sfn|Whiting|2001|p=224}} A post-service medical examination on 17 June 1947 revealed symptoms of headaches, vomiting, and nightmares about war. His medical records indicated that he took sleeping pills to help prevent nightmares.{{sfn|Redfern|2007|pp=67, 68}} During the mid-1960s, he recognized his dependence on Placidyl, and locked himself alone in a hotel room for a week to break the addiction successfully.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=152–163}} Post-traumatic stress levels exacerbated his innate moodiness,{{sfn|Murphy|2002|pp=4–7}} and surfaced in episodes that friends and professional colleagues found alarming.{{sfn|Redfern|2007|pp=65, 67, 68}} His first wife, Wanda Hendrix, stated that he once held her at gunpoint.{{sfn|Curtis|Golenbock|2009|p=119}} She witnessed her husband being guilt-ridden and tearful over newsreel footage of German war orphans.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=183}} Murphy briefly found a creative stress outlet in writing poetry after his Army discharge. His poem "The Crosses Grow on Anzio" appeared in his book To Hell and Back,{{sfn|Murphy|2002|p=125}} but was attributed to the fictitious character Kerrigan.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=373–376}}

In an effort to draw attention to the problems of returning Korean War and Vietnam War veterans, Murphy spoke out candidly about his own problems with posttraumatic stress disorder.{{sfn|Redfern|2007|p=60}} It was known during Murphy's lifetime as "battle fatigue" and "shell shock", terminology that dated back to World War I. He called on the government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact of combat experiences, and to extend health care benefits to war veterans.{{sfn|Rosen|2012|pp=149–151}}{{sfn|O'Reilly|2010|pp=163–165}} As a result of legislation introduced by U.S. Congressman Olin Teague five months after Murphy's death in 1971, the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital[31] in San Antonio, now a part of the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, was dedicated in 1973.[32][33]

Texas Army National Guard

{{see also|Military career of Audie Murphy}} At the end of World War II, the 36th Infantry Division reverted to state control as part of the Texas Army National Guard,[34] and Murphy's friends Major General H. Miller Ainsworth and Brigadier General Carl L. Phinney were the 36th's commander and deputy commander respectively. After the 25 June 1950 commencement of the Korean War, Murphy began a second military career and was commissioned as a captain in the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Guard.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=340–341}}[35] During his service he drilled new recruits in the summer training camps, and granted the Guard permission to use his name and image in recruiting materials.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=342}} Although he wanted to join the fighting and juggled training activities with his film career, the 36th Infantry Division was never sent to Korea.[36]{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=194}} At his request, he transferred to inactive status on 1 October 1951 because of his film commitments with MGM Studios, and returned to active status in 1955. Murphy was promoted to the rank of major by the Texas Army National Guard in 1956 and returned to inactive status in 1957.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=157–158}} In 1969, his official separation from the Guard transferred him to the United States Army Reserve.{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=339}} He remained with the USAR until his transfer to the Retired Reserve in 1969.[37]

Film career

{{main|Film career of Audie Murphy}} 在看過7月16日出版的生活雜誌封面的那個年輕英雄，演員James Cagney在1945年12月邀請墨菲去好萊塢。儘管在Cagney的意料之中，但是在加里福尼亞的生活對於墨菲來說還是非常艱難。他因為缺乏經驗，夢想破滅，幾經破產，睡在他朋友Terry Hunt健身房的地板上。他最終在1948年在Texas,Brooklyn and Heaven和Beyond Glory 電影中得到幾個小角色。他在他的第三部電影Bad Boy中擔任了主角.他還在Stephen Crane內戰小說中鐵血雄師中出演並獲得了巨大的成功。墨菲曾表示他在百戰榮歸中扮演自己感到巨大的不適。在1959年西部劇No Name on the Bullet儘管扮演了一個壞人，職業殺手，但是他的表演仍然受到了好評。

在從二戰回來後墨菲給他姐姐一家五口在Farmersville買了一幢房子。然後他將他在送去孤兒院的三個弟弟妹妹接回來和他姐姐一起住，但是6個小孩子在同一屋檐下對最小的墨菲弟弟妹妹來說壓力太大，最終墨菲把他倆接走了。 Joe和Nadine想和他哥哥待在一起，但是許多戰後宣傳和演藝事業，居無定所，並都無法給於他們經濟上的幫助。墨菲家中最大的哥哥同意接受Nadine但墨菲不知道為什麼他們不接受Joe。他找到James "Skipper" Cherry,一個達拉斯劇院的老闆，墨菲把Joe交給他，他還在德州有一個4，800英畝牧場。Joe喜歡那兒墨菲也能經常去看他的弟弟和他的朋友Cherry。1973在一場採訪中Cherry談到「墨菲他當時對他的電影生涯很沒有信心。」 Variety俱樂部當時正在籌集獎金拍攝一部叫做Bad Boy的電影去宣傳幫助那些有困難的孩子，Cherry找到當時Texas劇院主管Paul Short那部片的製片，建議他給墨菲在電影中一個重要角色。他試鏡很成功，但是聯合藝術家協會主席顯然不想把這個重要角色交給一個沒有演出經驗的人手上。然而，Cherry,Short和另外一些德州劇院的老闆們力挺奧迪墨菲如果不讓出演主角就撤資。最後錢唱了主角，並且他也成功塑造了人物使得好萊塢的掌權人重新認識到他的才能。環球公司給了他一份七年的合同。在他電影大賣後，一些製片老闆讓他自己挑選角色和劇本。

他在好萊塢幹了25年，奧迪墨菲拍攝不44部電影，其中33部是西部片。他最賣作也環球電影公司最賣作的是根據他的自傳改編的電影百戰榮歸，這剖電影的票房記錄至到1975年的大白鯊。在他23歲的時候那部電影讓他賺到將近3000萬美元。他也出現在許多電視連續劇叫像是1961年NBC西部偵探片Whispering Smith。對於動作電影的傑出貢獻，奧迪墨菲在好萊塢的星光大道也留有名字。他用他的小名「Pappy」留在星光大道上，以暗示出名很早。

Throughout an acting career spanning from 1948 to 1969, Murphy made more than 40 feature films and one television series.{{refn|group=ALM|name=count|The exact count on the number of feature films Murphy made varies by source. The Hollywood Walk of Fame and other sources put his total number of feature films at 44.[38]}} When actor and producer James Cagney saw 16 July 1945 issue of Life magazine depicting Murphy as the "most decorated soldier",[27] he brought him to Hollywood. Cagney and his brother William signed him as a contract player for their production company and gave him training in acting, voice and dance.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=133}} They never cast Murphy in a movie and a personal disagreement ended the association in 1947.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=128–147}} Murphy later worked with acting coach Estelle Harman, and honed his diction by reciting dialogue from William Shakespeare and William Saroyan.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=222–223}}

Murphy moved into Terry Hunt's Athletic Club in Hollywood where he lived until 1948.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=147, 148}}{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=1–3, 42–57, 111–112}} Hollywood writer David "Spec" McClure befriended Murphy, collaborating with him on Murphy's 1949 book To Hell and Back.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=149}} McClure used his connections to get Murphy a $500 bit part in Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=150–151}} The agent of Wanda Hendrix, whom he had been dating since 1946,{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=142, 174}} got him a bit part in the 1948 Alan Ladd film Beyond Glory directed by John Farrow.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=145–146}} His 1949 film Bad Boy gave him his first leading role.[39] The film's financial backers refused to bankroll the project unless Murphy was given the lead;{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=161–162}} thus, Allied Artists put aside their reservations about using an inexperienced actor and gave him the starring role.{{sfn|Tate|2006|pp=162–163}}

 
Murphy in The Red Badge of Courage (1951)

Universal Studios signed Murphy to a seven-year studio contract at $2,500 a week.{{sfn|Young|Young|2010|pp=493–495}}{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=177}} His first film for them was as Billy the Kid in The Kid from Texas in 1950. He wrapped up that year making Sierra starring Wanda Hendrix, who by that time had become his wife,{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=348}} and Kansas Raiders as outlaw Jesse James. Universal lent him to MGM in 1951 at a salary of $25,000{{sfn|Ross|1997||p=100}} to play the lead of The Youth{{refn|group=ALM|name=fleming| Henry Fleming is the Youth in Stephen Crane's novel. In the 1951 film, Fleming is played by Murphy as the unnamed character "The Youth". However, Fleming is addressed by name when other characters are speaking to him.[40]}} in The Red Badge of Courage, directed by John Huston.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=196–197}} Murphy and Huston worked together again in the 1960 film The Unforgiven.{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=113, 117}}

The only film Murphy made in 1952 was The Duel at Silver Creek with director Don Siegel. Murphy worked with Siegel one more time in 1958 for The Gun Runners. In 1953, he starred in Frederick de Cordova's Column South, {{sfn|Roberts|2009|pp=125–126}} and played Jim Harvey in Nathan Juran's Tumbleweed, an adaptation of the Kenneth Perkins novel Three Were Renegades.{{sfn|Lucas|2004|pp=175–177}}{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=51–22}} Director Nathan Juran also directed Gunsmoke and Drums Across the River.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=231–232}} George Marshall directed Murphy in the 1954 Destry, a remake of Destry Rides Again, based on a character created by author Max Brand.{{sfn|Yoggy|1998|p=101}}

Although Murphy was initially reluctant to appear as himself in To Hell and Back, the 1955 adaptation of his book directed by Jesse Hibbs, he eventually agreed;{{sfn|Huebner|2007|pp=140–143}} it became the biggest hit in the history of Universal Studios at the time.{{sfn|Gossett|1996|p=15}}{{sfn|Niemi|2006||p=90}} To help publicize the release of the film, he made guest appearances on television shows such as What's My Line?,{{refn|group=ALM|name=myline| YouTube has several uploaded versions of the 5-minute What's My Line segment that features Murphy as the mystery guest. Listed as {{IMDb title|0746476|Episode dated 3 July 1955}}}} Toast of the Town,[41] and Colgate Comedy Hour.{{refn|group=ALM|name=colgate|56-minute uploaded on YouTube as Audie Murphy Attends Beverly Hilton Grand Opening 1955. He appears at 28:48 and briefly talks with Hedda Hopper about how he once gave his medals away but had them replaced by the U.S. Army.}} The Hibbs-Murphy team proved so successful in To Hell and Back{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=241–242, 244–246, 261}} that the two worked together on five subsequent films. The partnership resulted in the 1956 western Walk the Proud Land, {{sfn|Graham|1989|p=263}} and the non-westerns Joe Butterfly{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=266–267}} and World in My Corner.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=263}} They worked together for the last time in the 1958 western Ride a Crooked Trail.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=268}}

Joseph L. Mankiewicz hired Murphy to play the titular role{{refn|group=ALM|name=pyle|Alden Pyle is the American in Graham Greene's novel. In the 1958 film, Pyle is played by Murphy as the unnamed character "The American".{{sfn|DiLeo|2004|p=253}}}} in the 1958 film The Quiet American.{{sfn|O'Connor|Rollins|2008|pp=407, 414–415}} Murphy formed a partnership with Harry Joe Brown to make three films, starting with The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957). The partnership fell into disagreement over the remaining two projects, and Brown filed suit against Murphy.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=264}} Murphy featured in three westerns in 1959: he starred opposite Sandra Dee in The Wild and the Innocent,{{sfn|Cozad|2006|pp=221–222}} collaborated as an uncredited co-producer with Walter Mirisch on the black and white Cast a Long Shadow, and performed as a hired killer in No Name on the Bullet, a film that was well received by critics.{{sfn|Maltin|2008|pp=994–995}} Thelma Ritter was his costar in the 1960 Startime television episode "The Man".[42]

During the early 1960s, Murphy donated his time and otherwise lent his name and image for three episodes of The Big Picture television series produced by the United States Army. He received the 1960 Outstanding Civilian Service Medal for his cooperation in the episode Broken Bridge, which featured his visits to military installations in Germany, Italy, Turkey and the U.S. state of New Mexico to showcase the military's latest weaponry.[43]{{sfn|Simpson|1975|page=411}}

Writer Clair Huffaker wrote the 1961 screenplays for Murphy's films Seven Ways from Sundown and Posse from Hell.{{sfn|Herzberg|2005|p=153}} Willard W. Willingham and his wife Mary Willingham befriended Murphy in his early days in Hollywood and worked with him on a number of projects.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=235}}{{sfn|Pitts|2012|pp=14, 48, 114, 139, 357}}[44] Willard was a producer on Murphy's 1961 television series Whispering Smith.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=354}} and co-wrote the screenplay for Battle at Bloody Beach that year.{{sfn|Basinger|Arnold|2003|p=301}} He collaborated on Bullet for a Badman{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=48}} in 1964 and Arizona Raiders in 1965.{{sfn|Herzberg|2005|pp=79–80}} The Willinghams as a team wrote the screenplay for Gunpoint{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=139}} as well the script for Murphy's last starring lead in the western 40 Guns to Apache Pass in 1967.{{sfn|Pitts|2012|p=114}} Murphy made Trunk to Cairo in Israel in 1966.{{sfn|Lewis|2002|p=223}}

He first met director Budd Boetticher when Murphy requested to be his boxing partner at Terry Hunt's Athletic Club.{{sfn|Nott|2005|pp=1–2}} He subsequently appeared in the 1951 title role of Boetticher's first western The Cimarron Kid.{{sfn|Rausch|Dequina|2008|pp=38, 39}} Boetticher wrote the script in 1969 for Murphy's last film A Time for Dying.{{sfn|Boggs|2011|pp=189–194}} Two other projects that Murphy and Boetticher planned to collaborate on – A Horse for Mr Barnum and When There's Sumpthin' to Do – never came to fruition.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=310}}

Personal life

 
Murphy in 1961

1949年墨菲與Wanda Hendrix結婚,後在1951年離婚。他又與一個前空姐，後又成為一名戰地護士的女性Pamela Archer結婚，肓有兩子Terrance Michael "Terry" Murphy (生於 1952) and James Shannon "Skipper" Murphy (生於1954)。這兩個名字是代表了墨菲最要好的兩個朋友，分別是Terry Hunt 和James "Skipper" Cherry。墨菲後來成為了一個成功的演員，牧場主，和商人，他圈養賽馬。他在 Texas, Tucson, Arizona and Menifee, California都有牧場。

Murphy married actress Wanda Hendrix on 8 January 1949,{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=174}} and their divorce became final on 19 April 1951.[45] Four days later he married former airline stewardess Pamela Archer.[46] He had two sons with Archer: Terry Michael Murphy, born in 1952,[47]{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=269}} and James Shannon "Skipper" Murphy, born in 1954.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=250}}

Murphy bred quarter horses at the Audie Murphy Ranch in what is now Menifee, California, and the Murphy Ranch in Pima County, Arizona.{{refn|group=ALM|name=ranch|The Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website has user-generated information on an Arizona quarter horse ranch Murphy purchased in 1956 and sold to Guy Mitchell in 1958.[48] While not stating that the use of Murphy's name and image were authorized by his estate, the website of the Menifee, California residential development named "Audie Murphy Ranch" does claim it is the location of the ranch Murphy owned in California.[49] Menifee was incorporated in 2008 and borders the community of Perris.}} His horses raced at the Del Mar Racetrack and he invested large sums of money in the hobby.{{sfn|Graham|1989|pp=256–258}} Murphy had a gambling habit that left his finances in a poor state. In 1968, he stated that he lost $260,000 in an Algerian oil deal and was dealing with the Internal Revenue Service over unpaid taxes.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=307}} In spite of his financial difficulties, Murphy refused to appear in commercials for alcohol and cigarettes, mindful of the influence he would have on the youth market.[50]

Death and commemorations

{{Main|1971 Colorado Aviation Aero Commander 680 crash}}

 
Murphy's headstone at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia

On 28 May 1971, Murphy was killed when the private plane in which he was a passenger crashed into Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, {{convert|20|mi|km|sp=us}} west of Roanoke in conditions of rain, clouds, fog and zero visibility.[51] The pilot and four other passengers were also killed.[52] The aircraft was a twin-engine Aero Commander 680 flown by a pilot who had a private-pilot license and a reported 8,000 hours of flying time, but who held no instrument rating. The aircraft was recovered on 31 May.{{sfn|Maslowski|Winslow|2005|p=420}} After her husband died, Pamela Murphy moved into a small apartment and got a clerk position at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles, where she remained employed for 35 years.[53] In 1975, a court awarded Murphy's widow and two children $2.5 million in damages because of the accident.[54]

 
Monument at the site of the plane crash in which Audie Murphy was killed

On 7 June 1971, Murphy was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. In attendance were Ambassador to the U.N. George H.W. Bush, Army Chief of Staff William Westmoreland, and many of the 3rd Infantry Division.{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=338}} Murphy's grave site is in Section 46, headstone number 46-366-11, located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater. A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects. It is the cemetery's second most-visited grave site, after that of President John F. Kennedy.[55]

The headstones of Medal of Honor recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are normally decorated in gold leaf. Murphy previously requested that his stone remain plain and inconspicuous, like that of an ordinary soldier.[56] The headstone contains the incorrect birth year 1924, based upon the falsified materials among his military records.[57] In 1974, a large granite marker was erected just off the Appalachian Trail at {{Coord|37.364554|N|80.225748|W|display=inline|name=Audie Murphy monument}} at 3,100′ elevation, near the crash site.{{sfn|Cavileer|2013|p=290}}

Civilian honors were bestowed on Murphy during his lifetime and posthumously, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[58] In 2013, Murphy was honored by his home state with the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor.{{refn|group=ALM|name=texas|The actual award was presented by Governor Rick Perry to Murphy's family on 29 October 2013 at a ceremony in Farmersville, Texas.[59][60][61][62]}}

Swedish power metal band Sabaton wrote a song on their 2014 studio album, Heroes, also named "To Hell and Back", commemorating and recognizing Audie Murphy as one of the most decorated American veterans of World War II.[63]

歌曲創作

他《百戰榮歸》這本書的合作者David "Spec" McClure，在與墨菲寫回憶錄過程中，在墨菲好萊塢的公寓中見到了丟棄的詩句，於是發現了墨菲寫詩的才能。《百戰榮歸》中收錄的這些詩中的《The Crosses Grow on Anzio》，是獻給一個叫Kerrigan的士兵的。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=374}} 其他的詩只收錄了兩首，《Alone and Far Removed》{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=374}}和《Freedom Flies in Your Heart Like an Eagle》。後者是1968年墨菲為獻給蒙哥馬利的阿拉巴馬戰爭紀念館所作的演講的一部分，後來斯科特·特納為這首詩譜了曲，名為《Dusty Old Helmet》。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=374–376}}

墨菲是一個鄉村音樂迷，特別是對鮑勃·威爾斯和切特·阿特金斯的音樂，但他本人既不是歌手也不是音樂家。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|pp=371, 373}} 通過他的錄音藝術家朋友蓋·米歇爾介紹，他在20世紀40年代認識了作曲家{{le|斯科特·特納 (作曲家)|Scott Turner (songwriter)|斯科特·特納}}。{{sfn|Graham|1989|p=298}} 他們三人在1962到1970年間一起創作了不少歌曲，最成功的當屬《Shutters and Boards》和《When the Wind Blows in Chicago》。{{sfn|Simpson|1975|p=372}}

延伸閱讀

  • Smith, David A. The Price of Valor: The Life of Audie Murphy, America's Most Decorated Hero of World War II, Regnery History (2015) ISBN 978-1-62157-317-3

注釋

腳註

{{reflist|group=ALM|colwidth=30em}}

文獻引用

{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

參考文獻

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  • {{cite book |last=O'Connor|first=John E.|last2=Rollins |first2=Peter C |title=Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History |year=2008 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-2493-3 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=O'Reilly|first=Bill|title=Pinheads and Patriots: Where You Stand in the Age of Obama|year=2010|publisher=William Morrow |isbn=978-0-06-195071-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Pitts |first=Michael R. |title=Western Movies: A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films|year=2012 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |isbn=978-0-7864-6372-5 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Rausch |first1=Andrew J |last2=Dequina |first2=Michael |title=Fifty Filmmakers: Conversations With Directors from Roger Avary to Steven Zaillian|year=2008|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |isbn=978-0-7864-3149-6 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Redfern |first=Nick |title=Celebrity Secrets Official Government Files on the Rich and Famous| publisher=Paraview Pocket Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4165-2866-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Jerry |title=Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors |year=2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6378-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Rosen |first=David M |title=Child Soldiers |year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-526-6 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Ross |first=Lillian |title=Picture |year=1997 |publisher=Modern Library |isbn=978-0-679-60254-5 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Harold B. |title=Audie Murphy, American Soldier |year=1975 |publisher=Hill Jr. College Press |isbn=978-0-912172-20-0 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Spiller|first=Roger J|last2=Dawson|first2=Joseph G|title=The Texas Military Experience: From the Texas Revolution Through World War II|year=2010 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-197-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Tate|first=J. R |title=Walkin' with the Ghost Whisperers|year=2006|publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn=978-0-8117-4544-4 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Whiting|first=Charles|title=America's forgotten army: the story of the U.S. Seventh|year=2001|publisher=St. Martin's Paperbacks |isbn=978-0-312-97655-2 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Willbanks |first=James H|title=America's heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-394-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Yoggy |first=Gary A. |title=Back in the Saddle: Essays on Western Film and Television Actors |year=1998 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc |isbn=978-0-7864-0566-4 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Young|first=William H |title=World War II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia |year=2010 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35652-0 |last2=Young |first2=Nancy K. |ref=harv}}

{{refend}}

外部連結

  • {{Commons category-inline|Audie Murphy}}

{{Portal bar|第二次世界大戰|人物}} {{Authority control}}

{{Persondata | NAME = Murphy, Audie Leon | SHORT DESCRIPTION = U.S. soldier and actor | DATE OF BIRTH = 20 June 1925 | PLACE OF BIRTH = Kingston, Texas, U.S. | DATE OF DEATH = 28 May 1971 | PLACE OF DEATH = Brush Mountain, near Catawba, Virginia, U.S.}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murphy, Audie}} Category:1925年出生 Category:1971年逝世 Category:美國電影男演員 Category:美國第二次世界大戰軍事人物 Category:愛爾蘭裔美國人 Category:安葬於阿靈頓國家公墓者 分類:法國榮譽軍團勳章持有人 Category:銅星勳章獲得者 Category:功績勳章獲得者 Category:紫心勳章獲得者 Category:銀星勳章獲得者 Category:美國陸軍榮譽勳章獲得者 Category:美國陸軍軍官 Category:美國空難身亡者

  1. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=BIOGRAPHY A short biographical sketch|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/biography.htm%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  2. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of original Application for Degrees, N. Hollywood Freemasons|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc026/NH542FAM_17Dec54.pdf%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  3. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of charred California driver's license for Audie Murphy, recovered from crash site after his death|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc034/AudieMurphyDriversLicense.pdf%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 {{cite web|title=Scan of service records 1942–1971|url=http://audiemurphy.com/documents/doc063/01_Service_Documents.pdf%7Cpublisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  5. ^ {{cite web|last=Minor|first=David|title=Boles Home|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ynb02%7Cwork=Handbook of Texas Online|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  6. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website |title=Scan of Audie Murphy's Service Record book|url=http://audiemurphy.com/documents/doc063/03_Service_Record_Book.pdf}}
  7. ^ {{cite web|title=NRHP Greenville Post Office|url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=2074002081&site_name=Post+Office+Building&class=2002%7Cpublisher=Texas Historical Commission|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  8. ^ {{cite web|title=The Old Greenville Post Office|url=http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5231007799&site_name=Greenville+Post+Office&class=5000%7Cpublisher=Texas Historical Commission|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  9. ^ {{cite web|title=Sicily 1943|work=CMH Pub 72-16 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-16/72-16.htm%7Cpublisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  10. ^ {{cite web|last=|title=Naples-Foggia 1943 1944|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm%7Cwork=CMH Pub 72-17 |publisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  11. ^ {{cite web|title=The Allied Offensive (30 January-1 February)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/anziobeach/anzio-allied.htm%7Cwork=Anzio Beachhead CMH Pub 100-10|publisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12|pp=28–36}}
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Tanber|first=George G.|title=Who Had More Medals? Depends on Who's Counting|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Mg0wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nwQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1938,4679328&dq=who-has-more-medals&hl=en%7Caccessdate=2013-10-08%7Cnewspaper=Toledo Blade|date=2005-05-05|p=3}}
  13. ^ {{cite web|work=Military Times|title=Hall of Valor|publisher=|url=http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=209%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 {{cite web|title=Southern France|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/sfrance/sfrance.htm%7Cwork=CMH Pub 72-31 |publisher=Center of Military History United States Army|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 {{cite web|last=Hollen|first=Staff Sergeant Norman|title=Statement describing Murphy's August 15, 1944 actions near Ramatuelle, France|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299779|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299779 |date=December 1944|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 {{cite web|last=Abramski|first=Pvt. First Class Anthony V.|title=Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299775|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299775 |date=1945-02-27|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  17. ^ {{cite web|last=Weispfenning|first=First Lieutenant Walter W.|title=Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299785|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299785 |date=1945-04-18|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  18. ^ {{cite web|last=Ware|first=Kenneth L.|title=Statement describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299784|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299784 |date=1945-04-18|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  19. ^ {{cite web|last=|title=World War II Medal of Honor Recipients M-S|accessdate=2013-10-12|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/wwII-m-s.html |publisher=Center of Military History United States Army}}
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 {{cite web|title=The Price of Freedom: Americans at War|url=http://amhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/collection/object.asp?ID=421%7Cpublisher=Smithsonian National Museum of American History|accessdate=2014-02-24}}
  21. ^ {{cite web|last=Dept. of Defense|title=Award of the "Au Grade De Chevalier" for Murphy's exceptional services rendered during operations to liberate France., 07/19/1948|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299781|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299781%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  22. ^ {{cite web|last=Dept. of Defense |title=De La Croix De Guerre Award for Murphy's services rendered during operations to liberate France|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299782|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299782 |date=1945-04-16|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  23. ^ {{cite web|last=Edson|first=Lt. Colonel Hallet D..|title=Recommendation from Lt. Colonel Hallet D. Edson, 15th Infantry, to Award of Medal of Honor to Lieutenant Audie L. Murphy|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299777|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299777 |date=1945-02-17|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  24. ^ {{cite web|last=Lovett|first=Brigadier General R.B.|title=Recommendation from Brigadier General R.B. Lovett, to Lieutenant General A.M. Patch, for Audie L. Murphy to be awarded the Medal of Honor and General Patch's approval|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299783|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299783 |date=1945-04-12|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  25. ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/war-excerpt-about-staff-sgt-salvatore-giunta-s-actions-1.117774%7Ctitle='War' excerpt about Staff Sgt. Salvatore Giunta's actions|publisher=Stars and Stripes|date=2010-09-10|accessdate=2010-11-16| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20101203224555/http://www.stripes.com/war-excerpt-about-staff-sgt-salvatore-giunta-s-actions-1.117774%7Carchivedate=2010-12-03%7C deadurl=no}}{{cite book|url=http://www.commandposts.com/2011/01/audie-murphy%7Ctitle=Focus On Audie Murphy|work=Command Posts|publisher=MacMillan |first=Callie|last=Oettinger|date=2011-01-26}}
  26. ^ {{cite web|last=|url=http://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/pdf/r600_8_22.pdf |work=U.S. Army Regulation 600-8-22: Military Awards|publisher=Department of the Army Administrative Publications|date=2013-06-23|at=chapter 2, section II, 3–14|title=Soldier's Medal |accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 {{cite journal|ref=harv |title=Life Visits Audie Murphy |journal=Life|publisher=|url=http://books.google.com/?id=fEgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=life+magazine+july+16+1945+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=life%20magazine%20july%2016%201945%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false |date=1945-07-16|pages=94–97|accessdate=2013-10-12 }}
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 {{cite web|title=Scan of service records 1953–1971|url=http://audiemurphy.com/documents/doc063/02_Service_Documents.pdf%7Cpublisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  29. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of Audie L. Murphy signed request for his Good Conduct Medal, addressed to the Commanding Officer at Fort Sam Houston|date=1945-08-21|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc017/GoodConductMedalRequest_21Aug45.pdf |accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  30. ^ {{cite web|title=Army Reserve, a Concise History|url=http://www.usar.army.mil/ourstory/History/Documents/Concise%20History%20Brochure_FA_revised%20April%202013_web%20version.pdf%7Cpublisher=United States Army Reserve|accessdate=2014-04-16}}
  31. ^ {{cite web|title=Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital|url=http://www.southtexas.va.gov/locations/directions.asp%7Cpublisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|accessdate=2014-01-11}}
  32. ^ {{cite web|publisher=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|title=About the South Texas Veterans Health Care System (STVHCS)|url=http://www.southtexas.va.gov/About/index.asp%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  33. ^ {{cite web|last=Teague|first=Congressman Olin|title=Designating the Veteran's Administration Hospital in San Antonio Texas As the Audie L. Murphy Veterans' Memorial Hospital|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/congress_001.htm%7Cwork=Congressional Record|location=Washington, D.C.|date=1971-10-13|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  34. ^ {{cite web|last=Dawson III|first=Joseph G.|title=Thirty-Sixth Infantry Division|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qnt03%7Cwork=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2014-04-14}}
  35. ^ {{cite web|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc025/TexNG_OathOfOffice_14July50.pdf%7Cformat=PDF%7Ctitle=Audie Murphy's Commissioning Oath of Office paperwork|work=NARA service document}}
  36. ^ {{cite web|last=Simpson|first=Harold B|title=Audie Leon Murphy|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fmu13 |work=Handbook of Texas Online|publisher=Texas State Historical Association|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  37. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|title=Scan of Retired Reserve request|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/documents/doc033/Req_Retired_Reserves_18Apr69.pdf%7Cdate=1969-04-18 |accessdate=2014-04-14}}
  38. ^ {{cite web |title=Audie Murphy |url=http://www.walkoffame.com/audie-murphy |publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame |accessdate=2013-12-30}}
  39. ^ {{cite journal|last=Movies of the Month|title=Bad Boy|journal=Boys' Life|page=50|date=April 1949|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zj1uY2cSGv8C&pg=PA50%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2014-05-22}}
  40. ^ {{cite journal|last=Mauldin|first=Bill|title=Parting Shots|journal=LIFE|publisher=|page=77|date=1971-06-11|volume=70|issue=22|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=REEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77%7Caccessdate=2014-05-22}}
  41. ^ {{cite web|title=Message to TAGO from H.D. Kight, Public Information Division, detailing an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show by Audie L. Murphy |url=http://research.archives.gov/description/299780 |publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299780|date=1955-09-24|accessdate=2013-10-10}}
  42. ^ {{cite web |publisher=Library of Congress|title=Ford Startime. The Man LC control no. 96500439 |url=http://lccn.loc.gov/96500439 |accessdate=2013-10-10}}
  43. ^ {{citation|title=Broken Bridge|url=http://research.archives.gov/description/2569746 |year=1974|publisher=U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 2569746|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  44. ^ {{cite web |title=Willard Willingham filmography |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/116932/Willard-Willingham/filmography |work=New York Times |accessdate=2013-01-06}}
  45. ^ {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=|title=Divorces|journal=The Billboard|date=1951-04-28|page=48|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Jh8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=wanda+hendrix+divorce+1951+billboard+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=wanda%20hendrix%20divorce%201951%20billboard%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cauthor1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}
  46. ^ {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=|title=Marriages|journal=The Billboard|date=1951-05-05|page=48|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Ih8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA48&dq=pamela+archer+marriage+1951+billboard+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=pamela%20archer%20marriage%201951%20billboard%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cauthor1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}
  47. ^ {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=|title=Births|journal=The Billboard|date=1952-03-22|page=55|url=http://books.google.com/?id=hx4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA55&dq=births+1952+billboard+%22audie+murphy%22#v=onepage&q=births%201952%20billboard%20%22audie%20murphy%22&f=false%7Cpublisher=%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cauthor1=Nielsen Business Media|first1=Inc}}
  48. ^ {{cite web|title=Homes Owned or Lived in By Audie Murphy|url=http://www.audiemurphy.com/places014.htm |publisher=Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website|accessdate=2013-10-27}}
  49. ^ {{cite web|title=Audie Murphy Ranch|url=http://audiemurphyranch.com/%7Cpublisher=Brookfield Residential|accessdate=2014-03-25}}
  50. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Scott|first=Vernon|title=One-Time Hero Audie Murphy is Now Broke and In Debt|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1774&dat=19680922&id=1jsgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AGYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7368,5127401%7Cnewspaper=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=1968-09-22|p=8|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  51. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Landon|first=Tom|title=Audie Murphy crash site now well marked|url=http://www.roanoke.com/news/columns_and_blogs/columns/whats_on_your_mind/audie-murphy-crash-site-now-well-marked/article_d2b6682a-b8ba-56aa-b715-09083e25121b.html |newspaper=The Roanoke Times|date=2013-06-09|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  52. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Baskerville|first=Bill|title=Audie Murphy, five others, found dead|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BclMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bVADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5773,5340217&dq=audie+murphy+found+dead&hl=en%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12%7Cnewspaper=The Prescott Courier|date=1971-05-31|p=1}}
  53. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=McCarthy|first=Dennis|title=Pam Murphy, widow of actor Audie Murphy, was veterans' friend and advocate|url= http://www.dailynews.com/20100414/dennis-mccarthy-pam-murphy-widow-of-actor-audie-murphy-was-veterans-friend-and-advocate%7Cnewspaper=Los Angeles Daily News|date=2010-04-14|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  54. ^ {{cite web|last=Colorado Court of Appeals|title=Murphy v. Colorado Aviation Inc.|publisher=Leagle|url= http://www.leagle.com/decision/19781465588P2d877_11452%7C accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  55. ^ {{cite web|last=Team Lee Audie Murphy Club|title=Audie Murphy Biography|url=http://www.lee.army.mil/audie.murphy/audie.murphy.club.biography.aspx?iframe=true&width=95%&height=95% |publisher=U.S. Army Fort Lee, Virginia|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  56. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Arlington National Cemetery|title=Biography of Audie Murphy|url=http://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/History/Military/HF_AudieMurphy.aspx%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  57. ^ {{cite web|url=http://audiemurphy.com/biography.htm%7Ctitle=Audie Murphy Research Foundation|author=Richard L. Rodgers|work=audiemurphy.com}}
  58. ^ {{cite web|publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame|title=Inducted to the Walk of Fame on February 8, 1960 with 1 star|url=http://www.walkoffame.com/audie-murphy%7Caccessdate=2013-10-12}}
  59. ^ {{cite web|title=Gov. Perry Awards Audie Murphy Texas Legislative Medal of Honor|url=http://governor.state.tx.us/news/press-release/19046/%7Cwork=Press Release|publisher=Office of Governor Rick Perry|accessdate=2013-10-29}}
  60. ^ {{cite web|last=Texas Legislature|title=Bill HCR3 Legislative Medal of Honor |url=http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=832&Bill=HCR3%7Cpublisher=State of Texas|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  61. ^ {{cite news|last=Slinkard|first=Caleb| ref=harv|title=Murphy finally gets medal|url=http://heraldbanner.com/local/x250195575/Murphy-finally-gets-medal |newspaper=Herald Banner|date=2013-08-21|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  62. ^ {{cite news|ref=harv|last=Root|first=Jay|title=Audie Murphy, a Texas Hero Still Missing One Medal|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/us/audie-murphy-a-texas-hero-still-missing-one-medal.html?_r=1&%7Cnewspaper=The New York Times|date=2013-06-20|accessdate=2013-10-12}}
  63. ^ {{cite av media|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZNeastYxEc%7Ctitle=SABATON – To Hell And Back (OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO)|date=2014-05-15|work=YouTube|accessdate=2015-04-26}}
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Bluedecklibrary/Draft:奥迪·墨菲&oldid=68973817」