User:Vhyun625/大脑中的语言处理
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语言处理是指人类使用文字交流思想和感情的方式,以及这种交流方式是如何被处理和被理解的。语言处理是人类独有的能力,即使是人类最亲近的灵长类动物也不具备相同的语法理解或语法系统。 [1]
在整个 20 世纪中,大脑语言处理的主要模型[2]是Geschwind-Lichteim-Wernicke 模型,该模型主要建立于脑损伤患者的研究成果之上。在人们改进了应用于猴子和人类大脑研究的脑皮质内电生理记录技术后,多种非侵入性技术相继被发明出来,包括:fMRI 、PET、MEG 和 EEG 等。这时,人们发现了双听觉通路[3] [4],并提出了双流假说模型。根据该模型,听觉皮质会以两种通路方式联结到额叶,两条通路各负责不同的语言元素。听觉腹侧流(auditory ventral stream,AVS)通路负责声音识别,因此被称为内容通路(what pathway)。人类和非人灵长类动物的听觉背侧流(auditory dorsal stream,ADS)则负责声音定位,因此被称为空间通路(where pathway)。在人类左半脑的空间通路中,它还与语音产生、语音重复、唇读、语音工作记忆和长期记忆有关。根据语言进化的“从空间至内容”模型,听觉背侧流的功能如此广泛,是因为每种功能揭示了语言进化的不同阶段。
听觉流会在听神经处一分为二,其中前分支会进入脑干的耳蜗核前侧,形成听觉腹侧流,而后分支会进入耳蜗核背侧和后腹侧,形成听觉背侧流。 [5]
早期的神经语言学模型
目前的神经语言学模型
解剖学
在过去的二十年内,人们对于灵长类动物声音的神经处理有了更深入的理解。通过早期记录猴子听觉皮质的神经讯号[6] [7] ,晚期的组织学染色[8] [9] [10]以及fMRI扫描的成果,[11]在初级听觉皮质中发现了 3 个听觉区域,此外周围还有 9 个相关的听觉区域(图 1 左上角)。解剖学追踪以及损伤研究也揭示了听觉区域前后侧有分离,前部初级听区(区域 R-RT)投射到前联想听区(区域 AL-RTL),而后部初级听区(区域 A1)投射到后联想听觉场(区域 CL-CM)。 [8] [12] [13] [14]最近,积累的证据表明人类和猴子的听觉场之间存在同源性。在人类中,组织学染色研究揭示了Heschl 回的初级听觉区域中有两个独立的听觉区域, [15] [16]并通过用高分辨率fMRI绘制人类初级听觉区域的音调组织并将其与在猴子初级听觉场,人类前初级听觉场和猴子区域R(在人类中表示为区域hR)和人类后初级听觉场和猴子区域A1(在人类中表示为区域hA1)之间建立了同源性。 [17] [18] [19] [20] [21]来自人类听觉皮层的皮层内记录进一步证明了与猴子听觉皮层相似的连接模式。从听觉皮层(颞上平面)的表面记录报告,Heschl 前回(hR 区)主要投射到颞上回中前(mSTG-aSTG)和 Heschl 后回(hA1 区)主要投射到颞上回 (pSTG) 和颞平面(PT 区;图 1 右上角)。 [22] [23]与从 hR 区域到 aSTG 和 hA1 到 pSTG 的连接一致的是对声音识别受损(听觉失认症)患者的fMRI研究,显示 hR 和 aSTG 区域的双侧激活减少,但 mSTG 中的激活幸免- pSTG。 [24]这种连接模式也得到了一项研究的证实,该研究记录了听觉皮层侧面的激活,并报告了在听声音时 pSTG 和 mSTG-aSTG 中同时不重叠的激活簇。 [25]
参考
[[Category:語言習得]] [[Category:神經科學]] [[Category:心理語言學]]
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