丛林八哥

丛林八哥学名Acridotheres fuscus),又名林八哥,为椋鸟科八哥属下的一个种。其分布不均匀地遍及印度次大陆大部分地区,但在印度的干旱区域则缺席。其额头上那撮形成前额冠状物的羽毛使其易于识别,这一特征也出现在与其密切相关的爪哇八哥淡腹八哥身上,这些物种过去曾被视为亚种。根据不同的族群,它们的眼睛颜色为淡黄或蓝色,且橙黄色喙的基部为深色。它还被故意或意外引入到世界其他许多地区,包括斐济、台湾、安达曼群岛以及日本部分地区。该物种还自行扩散到太平洋的一些岛屿。

丛林八哥
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 鸟纲 Aves
目: 雀形目 Passeriformes
科: 椋鸟科 Sturnidae
属: 八哥属 Acridotheres
种:
丛林八哥 A. fuscus
二名法
Acridotheres fuscus
Wagler, 1827
亚种
  • A. f. fuscus (Wagler, 1827)
  • A. f. fumidus Ripley, 1950
  • A. f. mahrattensis (Sykes, 1832)
  • A. f. torquatus Davison, 1892
异名
  • Aethiopsar fuscus
  • Maina cristelloides Hodgson, 1836[2]
  • Acridotheres cristatelloides Cabanis, 1850[3]

描述

 
 
 
 

A. cinereus

 

A. fuscus

A. javanicus

 

A. albocinctus

 

A. cristatellus

A. grandis

 

A. melanopterus

A. burmannicus

 

A. ginginianus

A. tristis

与其他形成椋鸟属Acridotheres的物种之间的关系[4]

丛林八哥长23-厘米(9.1-英寸),具有灰色的羽毛,头部和翅膀颜色较深。雌雄羽色无法区分。初级飞羽基部的大片白色斑块在飞行中变得显眼,尾羽尖端则大面积覆有白色。额头有一撮羽毛从喙基部生长而出。喙和腿为鲜黄色,并且不像家八哥岸八哥那样有裸露的眼周皮肤。成年个体的喙基部为深色,且下喙基部有蓝色阴影。印度南部的族群有蓝色的虹膜。印度东北部的族群腹部和肛部呈烟灰色。幼鸟颜色较棕,喉部较浅,下侧中部也较浅。[5]

已记录到异常的白化羽色情况。[6]

 
A. f. mahrattensis 有蓝色虹膜

丛林八哥的叫声比家八哥的音调更高。觅食的群体会发出简短的啁啾联络声。[7][5]

丛林八哥属于八哥属系群,据信该系群在上新世晚期和更新世早期分化形成。与椋鸟属Sturnus)的椋鸟不同,它们并未发展出包括开喙探查所需的肌肉结构(这需要强大的肌肉来强行打开喙)。[4] 指名族群A. f. fuscus于1827年由约翰·格奥尔格·瓦格勒描述为Pastor fuscus,该族群具有淡奶油色的肛部。这一族群的黄色虹膜分布于布拉马普特拉河以南,进入缅甸和马来半岛。A. f. fumidus分布于印度东部,主要在布拉马普特拉河以东的阿萨姆和那加兰(尽管已知有迁徙现象)。[8] 此亚种于1950年由西德尼·迪伦·里普利描述,当时根据普遍的分类法将其视为八哥的亚种。[9][10] 它的肛部颜色较深,呈烟灰色,且外观类似于共域的林八哥,但后者颜色较深,且无浅色虹膜。半岛印度族群mahrattensis威廉·亨利·赛克斯于1832年描述,特征是蓝色的虹膜。[11][12] 马来半岛的族群torquatus威廉·鲁克斯顿·戴维森于1892年描述,特征是白色的喉部以及围绕颈部延伸的半围领。[13] 该物种的二倍体染色体数为74(家八哥的染色体数为80)。[14]

分布与栖地

 
飞行中可以看到初级飞羽基部的白色和尾尖的白色

丛林八哥是热带南亚洲的常见留鸟繁殖者,分布于尼泊尔孟加拉印度。亚种fuscus分布于印度北部,从西部的莫乌恩特阿布至东部的奥里萨邦普里[15] 它还被引入安达曼群岛和斐济,约于1890年引入,以控制甘蔗中的害虫。[16] 它们还自行扩散至一些太平洋岛屿,如纽阿福欧岛,在那里它们对本地鸟类物种如吸蜜鹦鹉(Vini)构成威胁,尤其是在争夺巢穴洞时与之竞争。[17] 在亚洲许多地区,丛林八哥被饲养为宠物,并在台湾等地形成了野生族群。[18] 繁殖族群已经在日本[19]和西萨摩亚建立。[20] 马来西亚的族群torquatus数量正在下降,可能是因为与爪哇八哥竞争,并与之形成杂交种。[21]

这种常见的雀形目鸟类通常栖息于森林和农田,且经常靠近开阔的水域。繁殖季节后,它们可能会扩散到其分布范围以外的地区。[22]

行为与生态

 
在西孟加拉邦,与大卷尾一起栖息在水牛上觅食

丛林八哥是杂食性,主要以昆虫、水果和种子为食,主要在地面上觅食,经常与其他八哥物种为伴。它们还会从低矮的灌木如马缨丹采集浆果,并从大树上开放的花朵如刺桐中采集花蜜(它们的羽冠也可能作为刷子帮助授粉),以及从引入的树种如火焰树Spathodea campanulata)中收集积水。[23][24] 它们还会栖息在大型食草动物身上,从它们身体上啄食体外寄生虫,[25] 并捕捉因植被干扰而飞出的昆虫。群体有时也会跟随农民在田地中耕作。它们还会在城市地区的厨房垃圾中觅食。[26] 它们可能会捕捉较大的猎物,如小老鼠来喂养幼鸟。[27] 在斐济,有人观察到它们使用马陆进行蚁浴[28][29]

繁殖季节在夏季和雨季之前,南印度为2月至5月,北印度为4月至7月。[30] 它们是次级洞穴筑巢者,使用树洞或人造建筑,如墙壁、堤岸或距地面2至6米高的房屋筑巢。作为次级树洞筑巢者,它们与其他洞穴筑巢者竞争。[31] 也曾在马来西亚观察到它们使用棕榈树叶腋下的空隙筑巢。[21] 它们有时会使用蛇蜕皮来铺垫巢洞的内部。[32] 在喜马拉雅山麓,它们使用干燥的松针来铺垫巢穴。[33] 通常每窝产卵4至6颗,蛋呈松石蓝色。雌雄共同参与筑巢、孵化和喂养幼鸟的工作。[7]

它们会与其他八哥一起集体栖息,有时在甘蔗田或芦苇丛中。[7]

已知Haemoproteus物种存在于八哥的血液中,且实验中发现它们也能感染Plasmodium circumflexum[34][35] 丛林八哥的其他寄生虫还包括肠道内的Dorisa aethiopsaris[36]

参考文献

扩展阅读

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  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Zuccon, D.; Pasquet, E.; Ericson, P. G. P. Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus and Acridotheres : Sturnidae) (PDF). Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37 (5): 469–481. S2CID 56403448. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2: Attributes and status.. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. 2005: 584. 
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  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ali Salim; Ripley, S. Dillon. Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5. Larks to the Grey Hypocolius 2. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1987: 183–187. 
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  10. ^ Amadon, Dean. Remarks on the starlings, family Sturnidae.. American Museum Novitates. 1956, (1803): 32–34. hdl:2246/5410. 
  11. ^ Mayr, E.; Greenway, James C. Jr. (编). Check-list of birds of the World. Volume 15.. v.15 (1962). Cambridge, MA: Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1962: 113–114. 
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