暗蓝星系
暗蓝星系 （Faint blue galaxy，F.B.G.）问题随着1978年观测许多星系的热星等比当时理论预测的22等更为黯淡，而首度在天文物理上产生了问题[1][2][3]。星系会如此微弱，可以解释为它们太小或距离太远，但这些做出的意见，既不能解释，也不符任何的组合。这些星系的分布已经被发现要符合宇宙膨胀、宇宙微波背景的测量、和一个非零的宇宙常数，就需要接受现在已经被认同存在的暗能量 [4][5]。因此它启发了超新星观测，作为暗能量存在的证据。
第二个问题发生在1988年，更深层次的观测显示有更多数量的暗星系存在[6]。这些，现在被解释为矮星系经历大爆发的恒星形成，导致从年轻的大质量恒星留下了蓝色的光[7]。因此，以它们的大小和距离，暗蓝星系是非常明亮的。
参考资料
- ^ Kron R 1978 Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley
- ^ Peterson, B.A.; Ellis, R.S.; Kibblewhite, E.J.; Bridgeland, M.T.; Hooley, T.; Horne, D., Number magnitude counts of faint galaxies, Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor, Nov 1, 1979, 233: L109–L113, Bibcode:1979ApJ...233L.109P, doi:10.1086/183087
- ^ Tyson, J.A.; Jarvis, J.F., Evolution of galaxies - Automated faint object counts to 24th magnitude, Astrophysical Journal, Part - 2 Letters to the Editor, June 15, 1979, 230: L153–L156, Bibcode:1979ApJ...230L.153T, doi:10.1086/182982
- ^ Yoshii, Yuzuru; Takahara, Fumio, On the redshift-volume measurement of the cosmological density parameter, Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, Nov 1, 1989, 346: 28–33, Bibcode:1989ApJ...346...28Y, doi:10.1086/167983
- ^ David C., Koo. The evolution of field galaxies - Is Omega = 1?. Evolution of the universe of galaxies; Proceedings of the Edwin Hubble Centennial Symposium. Berkeley, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 268–285. June 21–23, 1989. Bibcode:1990ASPC...10..268K.
- ^ Broadhurst, T.J.; Ellis, R.S.; Shanks, T., The Durham/Anglo-Australian Telescope faint galaxy redshift survey, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Dec 1, 1988, 235: 827–856, Bibcode:1988MNRAS.235..827B, doi:10.1093/mnras/235.3.827
- ^ Colless, Matthew; Ellis, Richard S.; Broadhurst, T.J.; Taylor, Keith; Peterson, Bruce A., Faint blue galaxies - High or low redshift?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 1993, 261: 19–38, Bibcode:1993MNRAS.261...19C, doi:10.1093/mnras/261.1.19
- ^ Carlberg, R.G., Merging and fast galaxy evolution, Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters, November 1992, 399 (1): L31–L34, Bibcode:1992ApJ...399L..31C, doi:10.1086/186599
- ^ Carlberg, R.G.; Charlot, Stephane, Faint galaxy evolution via interactions, Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, September 1992, 397 (1): 5–13, Bibcode:1992ApJ...397....5C, doi:10.1086/171759