环境退化
环境退化（Environmental degradation）是指生态环境的恶化，包括像清净空气、水及土壤之类的资源枯竭，生态系的破坏以及野生动物的灭绝。环境退化可以定义为环境中有害的或不希望的变化或是干扰[1]。根据I = PAT方程，环境影响（I）或是环境恶化是由三个因素组成而成：已经很多而且持续增加的人口（P）、持续增加的经济成长或是人均财富（A）、以及消耗资源或是制造污染的技术应用（T）[2][3]。
环境退化是联合国关于威胁，挑战和改革问题高级别小组正式警告的十大威胁之一。联合国国际减灾战略机构定义环境退化是“环境符合社会及生态目的及需求能力的下降。”[4]。环境退化有许多不同的形式，例如栖息地破坏或是自然资源枯竭时，环境就退化了。对抗环境退化的方式包括环境保护及环境资源管理。
参考资料
- ^ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.
- ^ Chertow, M.R., "The IPAT equation and its variants", Journal of Industrial Ecology, 4 (4):13–29, 2001.
- ^ Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Chapter 6, "Sustainability or Collapse?", New Society Publishers, ISBN 0865717044.
- ^ ISDR : Terminology. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31 [2010-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-03）.
相关条目
外部链接
- Ecology of Increasing Disease Population growth and environmental degradation
- Dougill, Andrew J.; Thomas, David S.G.; Heathwaite, A. Louise. Environmental Change in the Kalahari: Integrated Land Degradation Studies for Nonequilibrium Dryland Environments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers (Informa UK Limited). 1999, 89 (3): 420–442. ISSN 0004-5608. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00156.
- Public Daily Brief Threat: Environmental Degradation
- Focus: Environmental degradation is contributing to health threats worldwide （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems-Water Reactors （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Herndon and Gibbon Lieutenants United States Navy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The First North American Explorers of the Amazon Valley, by Historian Normand E. Klare. Actual Reports from the explorers are compared with present Amazon Basin conditions.
- Environmental Degradation Index by Jha & Murthy (for 174 countries)