精神药理学
心理药物学(英文:Psychopharmacology )是指以科学方法研究预备、使用心理疾病药物及这些药物的效用。心理疾病相关药物称为psychotropic medications(psycho:心理的;tropic:作用于)。
主要概念[1]
基本概念
- 生物利用度 :(bioavailability)真正身体最终吸收了所用的药
- 给药途径:决定药物进入血管的速度及完整度
- 电离 (ionisation):非游离形式的药物因不带电荷而易渗入细胞膜[8],受住血管或消化系统等体内pH值,及药物自己的酸度系数(pKa值)影响[9]
- 血浆蛋白结合 (binding):药物困住在血浆、肌肉或脂肪中而变动不活跃,令到药物在目标位置浓度降低而效用减少。或者多种药物同时服用时,药物甲导致药物乙浓度太高而药物过量。
- 生物转化作用
- 速率方程:例如酒精是zero-order kinetics,即不论饮用多少酒,身体每个小时只能处理最多15毫升的酒精[12]。对应first-order kinetics,药物浓度越高则消化速度越快。
- 排泄作用,透过不同方法将药物离开身体,如制造母乳、呼吸、出汗、排尿等。
亲和性 (Affinity) | 效能(Efficacy) | |
---|---|---|
活化剂(agonist) | 高 | 高 |
阻断剂(antagonist) | 中至高 | 低 |
化学讯号
精神作用药物通常用神经递质来影响神经传导。神经递质主要一种化学物质来让神经元互相沟通,而精神作用药物则影响这个沟通过程。这些药物可以
- 作为神经递质的前体(precursor)(作为制造神经递质的原材料)
- 压抑神经递质的生成
- 避免突触小泡(presynaptic vesicle)储存神经递质
- 刺激或抑制神经递质释出
- 刺激或抑制后突触(post-synaptic)的受体运作(Receptor)
- 刺激再摄取泵(autoreceptor),减少神经递质释出
- 阻碍再摄取泵(autoreceptor),增加神经递质释出
- 压抑神经传导 breakdown
- 阻碍前突触(presynaptic)被再吸收(reuptake)
The other central method through which drugs act is by affecting communications between cells through hormones. Neurotransmitters can usually only travel a microscopic distance before reaching their target at the other side of the synaptic cleft, while hormones can travel long distances before reaching target cells anywhere in the body. Thus, the endocrine system is a critical focus of psychopharmacology because 1) drugs can alter the secretion of many hormones; 2) hormones may alter the behavioral responses to drugs; 3) hormones themselves sometimes have psychoactive properties; and 4) the secretion of some hormones, especially those dependent on the pituitary gland, is controlled by neurotransmitter systems in the brain.
常见心理药物
相关期刊
- Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), American Psychological Association
- Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Journal of Psychopharmacology, British Association for Psychopharmacology, SAGE Publications
- Psychopharmacology, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg
- Neuropsychopharmacology, Nature Publishing Group
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