美国语言
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 (2023年1月16日) |
美国最广泛的语言是英语，但美国联邦政府并没有设有官方语言。历史上存在过很多语言。其他有美国本土的语言，也有来自欧洲、亚洲等地区的语言。目前美国所使用的语言约有430种，其中有176种土著语言。其余绝大多数是由殖民者带来，还有个别语言是在美国诞生的，如克里奥尔语、美国手语。
| 美利坚合众国语言 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 主要语言 | 英语 80% 西班牙语 12.4% |
| 本土语言 | 纳瓦荷语、切罗基语、达科他语、拉科塔语、西阿帕奇语、克勒斯语、霍皮语、祖尼语、奥杰布瓦语、奥哈姆语 [1][2] |
| 主要移民语言 | 英语、西班牙语、汉语、法语、他加禄语、越南语、阿拉伯语、韩国语 |
| 常见键盘布局 |  |
人口普查数据
据2016年美国社区调查，美国人口调查局核准，在美国本土超过10万人使用的语言有：[3][4][5][6][7]
- 英语 229,673,150
- 西班牙语 40,489,813
- 汉语（官话、粤语和福州话等）3,372,930
- 他加禄语（伊洛卡诺语、米沙鄢语支）1,701,960
- 越南语 1,509,994
- 阿拉伯语 1,231,098
- 法语 1,216,668
- 韩语 1,088,788
- 俄语 909,374
- 德语 905,691
- 海地克里奥尔语 856,009
- 印地语 810,877
- 葡萄牙语 767,210
- 意大利语 576,154
- 波兰语 539,151
- 乌尔都语 474,481
- 日语 464,535
- 波斯语 438,448
- 古吉拉特语 407,520
- 泰卢固语 365,566
- 孟加拉语 324,008
- 壮侗语 307,442
- 希腊语 288,255
- 旁遮普语 287,491
- 泰米尔语 273,332
- 亚美尼亚语 237,550
- 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语 236,761
- 希伯来语 225,147
- 爱尔兰语 224,133
- 班图语 224,133
- 高棉语 203,115
- 纳瓦荷语 163,784
- 泰语 163,200
- 意第绪语 160,900
- 老挝语 140,900
官方语言现状
一些州已经通过立法，给英语赋予正式地位。 截至2014年10月[update]美国的50个州中，有31个州已将英语作为官方语言，夏威夷将英语和夏威夷语作为正式的语言。
土著语言
美洲土著语言
土著语列表
| 语言名 | 当地语言[8] | 语族 | 使用人数 (占总数百分比) |
能用英语交流的人数比[9] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | — | — | 373 949 | 19.22% |
| Total (excl. Navajo) | — | — | 203 127 (54.32) | 15.82% |
| Navajo | Diné bizaad | Na-Dené | 170 822 (45.68) | 23.25% |
| Dakota | Dakȟótiyapi | Siouan | 18 804 (5.03) | 9.86% |
| Yupik | — | Eskimo-Aleut | 18 626 (4.98) | 37.02% |
| Apache | Ndee biyati' | Na-Dené | 14 012 (3.75) | 3.53% |
| Keres | — | Isolate | 13 073 (3.50) | 6.20% |
| Cherokee | Tsalagi (ᏣᎳᎩ) | Iroquoian | 12 320 (3.29) | 16.33% |
| Choctaw | Chahta' | Muskogean | 10 368 (2.77) | 23.44% |
| Zuni | Shiwi'ma | Isolate | 9 432 (2.52) | 14.22% |
| American Indian (Other) | — | — | 8 888 (2.38) | 16.73% |
| O'odham (Pima) | Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ | Uto-Aztecan | 8 190 (2.19) | 14.70% |
| Ojibwe (Chippewa) | Anishinaabemowin | Algic | 6 986 (1.87) | 11.28% |
| Hopi | Hopilàvayi | Uto-Aztecan | 6 776 (1.81) | 18.80% |
| Inupiat (Inupik) | Iñupiatun | Eskimo-Aleut | 5 580 (1.49) | 26.04% |
| Tewa | — | Tanoan | 5 123 (1.37) | 13.80% |
| Muskogee (Creek) | Mvskoke | Muskogean | 5 072 (1.36) | 19.62% |
| Crow | Apsáalooke | Siouan | 3 962 (1.06) | 6.59% |
| Shoshoni | Sosoni' da̲i̲gwape | Uto-Aztecan | 2 512 (0.67) | 7.25% |
| Cheyenne | Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse | Algic | 2 399 (0.64) | 3.21% |
| Tiwa | — | Tanoan | 2 269 (0.61) | 3.22% |
| Towa (Jemez) | — | Tanoan | 2 192 (0.59) | 27.65% |
| Inuit (Eskimo) | — | Eskimo-Aleut | 2 168 (0.58) | 25.46% |
| Blackfoot | Siksiká (ᓱᖽᐧᖿ) | Algic | 1 970 (0.53) | 11.02% |
| Sahaptin | Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit | Plateau Penutian | 1 654 (0.44) | 6.17% |
| Paiute | — | Uto-Aztecan | 1 638 (0.44) | 11.78% |
| Athapascan | — | Na-Dené | 1 627 (0.44) | 19.55% |
| Ute | Núu-'apaghapi | Uto-Aztecan | 1 625 (0.43) | 5.23% |
| Mohawk | Kanien’kéha' | Iroquoian | 1 423 (0.38) | 11.67% |
| Seneca | Onödowága | Iroquoian | 1 353 (0.36) | 11.23% |
| Winnebago | Hocąk | Siouan | 1 340 (0.36) | 6.27% |
| Kiowa | Cáuijògà | Tanoan | 1 274 (0.34) | 9.58% |
| Aleut | Unangam tunuu | Eskimo-Aleut | 1 236 (0.33) | 19.01% |
| Salish | — | Salishan | 1 233 (0.33) | 22.87% |
| Gwich’in (Kuchin) | Gwich’in | Na-Dené | 1 217 (0.33) | 25.82% |
| Kickapoo | Kiwikapawa | Algic | 1 141 (0.31) | 41.72% |
| Arapaho | Hinónoʼeitíít | Algic | 1 087 (0.29) | 1.20% |
| Tlingit | Lingít | Na-Dené | 1 026 (0.27) | 8.19% |
| Siberian Yupik (SLI Yupik) | Sivuqaghmiistun | Eskimo-Aleut | 993 (0.27) | 39.48% |
| Passamaquoddy | Peskotomuhkat | Algic | 982 (0.26) | 6.11% |
| Comanche | Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ | Uto-Aztecan | 963 (0.26) | 10.59% |
| Cree | Nēhiyawēwin | Algic | 951 (0.25) | 8.73% |
| Menominee | Omāēqnomenew | Algic | 946 (0.25) | 39.64% |
| Nez Perce | Niimiipuutímt | Plateau Penutian | 942 (0.25) | 12.10% |
| Potawatomi | Bodéwadmi | Algic | 824 (0.22) | 9.95% |
| Hidatsa | Hidatsa | Siouan | 806 (0.22) | 4.47% |
| Mesquakie (Fox) | Meshkwahkihaki | Algic | 727 (0.19) | 22.15% |
| Karok | Káruk | Isolate | 700 (0.19) | 5.43% |
| Pomo | — | Pomoan | 648 (0.17) | 14.81% |
| Chinook Jargon | Chinuk wawa | Creole | 644 (0.17) | 17.70% |
| Oneida | Oneyota'aaka | Iroquoian | 527 (0.14) | 58.63% |
| Yurok | Puliklah | Algic | 491 (0.13) | 1.63% |
| Cocopah | Kwikapa | Yuman | 483 (0.13) | 22.77% |
| Hualapai | Hwalbáy | Yuman | 458 (0.12) | 4.80% |
| Omaha | Umoⁿhoⁿ | Siouan | 457 (0.12) | 1.97% |
| Chiricahua | Ndee bizaa | Na-Dené | 457 (0.12) | — |
| Jicarilla | Abáachi mizaa | Na-Dené | 455 (0.12) | 14.51% |
| Yaqui | Yoem noki | Uto-Aztecan | 425 (0.11) | 10.12% |
| Yokuts | — | Yokutsan | 407 (0.11) | 27.27% |
| Mono | Mono | Uto-Aztecan | 349 (0.09) | — |
| Mohave | Hamakhav | Yuman | 330 (0.09) | 6.36% |
| Luiseño | Cham'teela | Uto-Aztecan | 327 (0.09) | 4.28% |
| Shawnee | Sawanwa | Algic | 321 (0.09) | 6.23% |
| Maidu (NE Maidu) | Májdy | Maiduan | 319 (0.09) | 6.90% |
| Ottawa | Nishnaabemwin | Algic | 312 (0.08) | 10.90% |
| Algonquin | Anicinâbemowin | Algic | 288 (0.08) | 19.79% |
| Okanogan | Nsəlxcin | Salishan | 284 (0.08) | 10.92% |
| Osage | Wazhazhe ie | Siouan | 260 (0.07) | 20.38% |
| Wichita | Kirikirʔi:s | Caddoan | 242 (0.06) | 16.12% |
| Onondaga | Onǫda’gegá | Iroquoian | 239 (0.06) | 2.93% |
| Mi'kmaq (Micmac) | Míkmawísimk | Algic | 230 (0.06) | 10.87% |
| Digueño (Ipai-Kumiai-Tipai) | — | Yuman | 228 (0.06) | 60.96% |
| Washo | Wá:šiw ʔítlu | Isolate | 227 (0.06) | 9.69% |
| Miwok | Miwok | Utian | 216 (0.06) | — |
| Lushootseed (Puget Salish) | Xʷəlšucid | Salishan | 207 (0.06) | 47.83% |
| Kutenai | Ktunaxa | Isolate | 200 (0.05) | 32.50% |
| Miccosukee | Mikisúkî | Muskogean | 188 (0.05) | 22.87% |
| Tuscarora | Ska:rù:rę' | Iroquoian | 179 (0.05) | 10.06% |
| Makah | Qʷi·qʷi·diččaq | Wakashan | 176 (0.05) | 30.11% |
| Coeur d'Alene | Snchitsuʼumshtsn | Salishan | 174 (0.05) | — |
| Hupa | Na:tinixwe | Na-Dené | 174 (0.05) | — |
| Quechan (Yuma) | Kwtsaan | Yuman | 172 (0.05) | 31.98% |
| Miami | Myaamia | Algic | 168 (0.04) | 50.60% |
| Alabama | Albaamo innaaɬiilka | Muskogean | 165 (0.04) | 20.00% |
| Delaware | Lënape / Lunaapeew | Algic | 146 (0.04) | 25.34% |
| Clallam | Nəxʷsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən | Salishan | 146 (0.04) | 1.37% |
| Penobscot (E Abenaki) | Panawahpskek | Algic | 144 (0.04) | 5.56% |
| Yavapai | — | Yuman | 139 (0.04) | — |
| Cahuilla | Ivia | Uto-Aztecan | 139 (0.04) | — |
| Ponca | Paⁿka | Siouan | 131 (0.04) | 6.87% |
| Quinault | Kʷínaył | Salishan | 128 (0.03) | — |
| Deg Xinag (Ingalit) | Degexit’an | Na-Dené | 127 (0.03) | — |
| Pawnee | Paári | Caddoan | 122 (0.03) | 16.39% |
| Haida | X̱aat Kíl | Isolate | 118 (0.03) | 19.49% |
| Cowlitz | Stl'pulimuhkl | Salishan | 110 (0.03) | 82.73% |
| Mandan | Nų́ʔetaːre | Siouan | 104 (0.03) | 38.46% |
| Arikara | Sáhniš | Caddoan | 103 (0.03) | — |
| Klamath | Maqlaqs | Plateau Penutian | 95 (0.03) | 27.37% |
| Havasupai | Havasu’baaja | Yuman | 90 (0.02) | 52.22% |
| Chitimacha | Sitimaxa | Isolate | 89 (0.02) | 21.35% |
| Abenaki (W Abenaki) | Wôbanakiôdwawôgan | Algic | 86 (0.02) | — |
| Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl) | Kwak'wala | Wakashan | 85 (0.02) | 24.71% |
| Tututni (Rogue River) | Dotodəni | Na-Dené | 84 (0.02) | — |
| Iroquois | — | Iroquoian | 76 (0.02) | — |
| Michif (French Cree) | Michif | Creole | 75 (0.02) | 70.67% |
| Tsimshian | Sm'algyax | Tsimshianic | 68 (0.02) | — |
| Achumawi | — | Palaihnihan | 68 (0.02) | — |
| Chiwere | Jíwere | Siouan | 60 (0.02) | — |
| Koasati | Kowassá:ti | Muskogean | 59 (0.02) | 6.78% |
| Koyukon | Denaakkʼe | Na-Dené | 58 (0.02) | 12.07% |
| Upper Chinook | Kiksht | Chinookan | 58 (0.02) | 10.34% |
| Caddo | Hasí:nay | Caddoan | 51 (0.01) | 23.53% |
| Kalapuya (Santiam) | — | Kalapuyan | 50 (0.01) | — |
| Gros Ventre (Atsina) | Ahahnelin | Algic | 45 (0.01) | — |
| Tachi | — | Yokutsan | 45 (0.01) | 57.78% |
| Maricopa | Piipaash chuukwer | Yuman | 44 (0.01) | 22.73% |
| Chumash | S.hamala | Chumashan | 39 (0.01) | 100.00% |
| Nomlaki | Nomlāqa | Wintuan | 38 (0.01) | — |
| Konkow (NW Maidu) | Koyoom k'awi | Maiduan | 32 | 100.00% |
| Tonkawa | Tickanwa•tic | Isolate | 29 | — |
| Wintu | Wintʰu:h | Wintuan | 24 | — |
| Spokane | Npoqínišcn | Salishan | 20 | 40.00% |
| Ahtna | Atnakenaege’ | Na-Dené | 18 | — |
| Columbia (Sinkiuse) | Nxaảmxcín | Salishan | 17 | — |
| Atsugewi | Atsugé | Palaihnihan | 15 | — |
| Chemehuevi | Nüwüvi | Uto-Aztecan | 15 | — |
| Northern Paiute | Numu | Uto-Aztecan | 12 | — |
| Dena'ina (Tanaina) | Dena’ina qenaga | Na-Dené | 11 | — |
| Cupeño | Kupangaxwicham | Uto-Aztecan | 11 | — |
| Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka) | Nuučaan̓uł | Wakashan | 10 | — |
| Alutiiq (Gulf Yupik) | Sugpiaq | Eskimo-Aleut | 8 | — |
| Kansa | Káⁿza | Siouan | 7 | — |
| Siuslaw | Šáayušła | Isolate | 6 | — |
| Cayuga | Gayogo̱hó:nǫ’ | Iroquoian | 6 | — |
| Serrano | Taaqtam | Uto-Aztecan | 5 | — |
| Yuchi | Tsoyaha | Isolate | 4 | — |
南岛语言
夏威夷语
夏威夷语是夏威夷宪法中规定的夏威夷官方语言。夏威夷语有1,000名母语使用者。夏威夷语以前被认为是极度濒危的语言，现在正显示出语言复兴的迹象。最近的趋势是基于夏威夷州教育部和夏威夷大学的新的夏威夷语沉浸计划，以及夏威夷州议会和县政府为保护夏威夷地名所做的努力。1993年，约有8,000人能够说并理解夏威夷语；如今估计有27,000人。夏威夷语与大约15万新西兰人和库克岛人使用的毛利语以及大溪地12万人使用的大溪地语有关。
萨摩亚语
萨摩亚语是美属萨摩亚的一种官方领土语言。占人口的90%，大多数人都会英萨双语。
查莫罗语
查莫罗语是关岛和北马里亚纳群岛的共同官方语言。在关岛，土著查莫罗人约占人口的60%。
加罗林语
加罗林语也是北马里亚纳群岛的官方语言之一，那里只有14%的人在家里讲英语。
主要语言
最先在美国使用的欧洲语言有英语、德语、荷兰语、法语和西班牙语。受加拿大魁北克影响，原本法语是早年移民的第二语言，后被西班牙语取代。
注释
- ^ Siebens, J & T Julian. Native North American Languages Spoken at Home in the United States and Puerto Rico: 2006–2010. United States Census Bureau. December 2011.
- ^ Census Data Of USA. US Census Bureau. [2012-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-20）.
- ^ (U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2016)
- ^ English Language Unity Act of 2017. [2017-08-02]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-03）.
- ^ American Fact-finder. [2018-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-08）.
- ^ Table 53. Languages Spoken At Home by Language: 2011 (PDF), Language use in the United States, August 2013 (U.S. Census Bureau), [2016-02-19], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-02-05）
- ^ American FactFinder - Results. Factfinder.census.gov. [2018-12-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-12）.
- ^ A language's endonym may not be available for a variety of possible reasons: The language in question encompasses multiple dialects with unique endonyms; The language in question is actually a language family; The language or community of speakers has a prohibition against writing the language; No documentation is immediately available; etc.
- ^ Respondents who reported speaking English less than "Very Well."