肋骨钩状突

肋骨钩状突(英语:uncinate processes of the ribs)是从每个肋骨的垂直部分向尾部突出的骨头延伸部分。uncinate来源于拉丁文uncinatus,意思是“钩”。它们在鸟类(除叫鸭科外)、爬行动物和早期两栖类鱼石螈中被发现[1]

肋骨钩状突在鸽子骨骼中被用红色标出

这些钩状突可以用来连接肩胛骨的肌肉,并有助于加强与后肋骨重叠的肋骨笼(rib cage)[1][2]。它们还显示出通过增加参与呼吸肌肉的有效性而在呼吸中发挥作用[3][4] ,而叫鸭科缺乏这一突起的独特之处[5] 。这一突起在一些反鸟类动物中也被发现[6]。在所有现存的脊椎动物中,肋骨钩状突是鸟类独有的。与此同时,一些软骨的钩突存在于鳄鱼中。肋骨钩状突在以下的脊椎动物的化石中被发现:喙头蜥尾羽龙窃蛋龙类孔子鸟朝阳鸟长翼鸟,但是它未在始祖鸟中发现[6]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Kardong, Kenneth V. Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution. McGraw-Hill. 1995: 55, 57. ISBN 0-697-21991-7. 
  2. ^ Bonney, Rick; Rohrbaugh, Jr., Ronald. Handbook of Bird Biology Second. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2004. ISBN 0-938027-62-X. 
  3. ^ Codd, J. R., D. F. Boggs, S. F. Perry, and D. R. Carrier. 2005. Activity of three muscles associated with the uncinate processes of the giant Canada Goose Branta canadensis maximus. Journal of Experimental Biology 208:849-857. Full text页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ Tickle, Peter G., A. Roland Ennos, Laura E. Lennox, Steven F. Perry and Jonathan R. Codd 2007. Functional significance of the uncinate processes in birds. Journal of Experimental Biology 210:3955-3961 Abstract页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ Fowler ME & Cubas ZS. Biology, medicine, and surgery of South American wild animals. Wiley-Blackwell. 2001: 103. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Fucheng, Zhang, Zhou Zhoghe, Hou Lianhai & Gu Gang 2001. Early diversification of birds: Evidence from a new opposite bird. Chinese Science Bulletin. 46(11):945-949 PDF[永久失效链接]