隐藏式头灯
隐藏式头灯,或称弹出式头灯(跳灯)、翻盖头灯(掀灯),是一种车身设计及车灯型式,当头灯不使用时可以藏入汽车中。隐藏式头灯盛行于1970到1990年代中期,因为关闭阖上时能减少风阻、维持流线造型,故深受跑车爱戴,不管是欧系、美系或日系跑车,几乎都把隐藏式头灯纳入设计之中。[1]
隐藏式头灯有着各式各样的设计型式,车灯可以安装在平躺的站立式灯罩中(例如兰博基尼Miura及保时捷928)、缩入发动机盖或挡泥板中(例如雪佛兰科尔维特(1963–2004))或者隐藏在可伸缩或旋转的格栅板后(例如道奇Charger(1966–1970)、水星Cyclone(1970–1971)及别克Riviera(1965))。
历史
出现
隐藏式头灯首次出现于1935年在纽约车展[2]亮相的Cord 810。Cord 810车身表面看不到车灯,而在仪表板两侧装有一对连杆来手动启闭头灯。[3]当手动摇动连杆时,隐藏在翼板的车灯就会翻出。[4]隔年,一辆经改装的阿尔法·罗密欧·罗密欧8C也安装了类似的隐藏式头灯。[5]1938年,GM推出别克Y-Job概念车,首度采用电力驱动的隐藏式头灯[6]。随后几年,这样的车灯设计在不断出现其他多款概念车中,例如1951年推出的通用 Le Sabre。[7]不过,电动隐藏式头灯的设计直到1962年才首次出现在量产车上,由莲花Elan采用。[8]
流行
1968年,美国政府颁布新版《联邦机动车辆安全标准108》(FMVSS 108),规定汽车车灯是两个或者四个圆形密封大灯,并且禁止在前面安装保护性或者装饰性物件。[9]如此一来,车商就无法在美国销售的汽车使用流线型设计的灯罩以降低阻力,例如捷豹E-Type S1原有的流线型灯罩在1968年推出的S2上就被迫取消。[10]为因应美国法律规范,隐藏式头灯在1960年代中后期迅速流行起来,在1970至2000年代初期即有相当多的车型采用隐藏式头灯。
1974年,美国FMVSS的另一条新规让隐藏式大灯更加蓬勃发展。根据条文规定,汽车大灯高度不得低于24英寸(61 cm),而跑车因为车身低矮,多数跑车的大灯无法达到美国新要求的24英寸最低高度。不过,若将隐藏式大灯设在车头顶部跳起后正好可以增加大灯高度,因此车辆制造商便常使用隐藏式头灯来规避美国对于车辆头灯高度的法规。[10]例如,丰田在1983年将AE86的隐藏式头灯版本Sprinter Trueno引进美国,而非使用固定式前大灯的Levin,因为前者头灯开启后的高度符合美国法规。[11]这样一来车商就不需要拉高车身高度,进而影响操控性能。
衰退
1981年,福特汽车递交改革FMVSS 108的请愿书,并于1983年获得通过。[10]自此,美国汽车大灯的设计不再受到僵硬的法规局限。随着美国法律允许使用流线型设计的头灯,隐藏式头灯便失去存在意义,逐渐从汽车设计上淘汰。[10]与现今的流线型头灯比较,隐藏式头灯不但成本高昂、笨重且复杂,并且会随着汽车老化而故障。此外,世界车辆法规协调论坛所制定的汽车安全法规开始纳入保护行人的条款并限制车身突出部的设计,这使得要设计出符合规范的隐藏式头灯变得更加困难且昂贵。为了提高车辆能见度,部分国家也开始要求全天候开启头灯,只有停车熄火时才能关闭头灯,如此一来更降低了车厂采用隐藏式头灯的意愿。[1]
最后两款使用隐藏式头灯的量产车是莲花Esprit和雪佛兰科尔维特(C5)。两者于2004年停产后,便再无量产车使用隐藏式头灯。 [12] [13] 投射式头灯以及LED头灯的出现,实际上完全消除了车商对隐藏式大灯的需求。
虽然自2004年以来的新车就不再使用隐藏式头灯,但事实上隐藏式头灯并没有被完全禁止,因此这类头灯设计仍然可以在当今的新款车辆中应用,如Ares Design Project1。 [14]
其他车种中的应用
虽然隐藏式头灯大多是安装在汽车上的,但也有少数安装在其他车种中,例如摩托车(本田Elite 150/光阳名流150)、[15] 大客车(Pegaso-Obradors)以及铁路列车(京成AE100型电联车)。
部分采用实例
量产车
其他车种
名称 | 车种 | 开始生产 | 停产/退役 | 参考 |
---|---|---|---|---|
阿尔法·罗密欧·罗密欧8C 2900A Pininfarina Berlinetta | 定制改装车 | 1936 | 1936 | [180] |
京成AE100型电联车 | 铁路机车 | 1990 | 2016 | [181] |
近铁20000系电联车“楽” | 铁路机车 | 1990 | [182] | |
本田Elite 150/光阳名流150 | 踏板式摩托车 | 1984 | 1987 | [183][184] |
Pegaso-Obradors | 大客车 | 1992 | [185] | |
路华-BRM | 赛车 | 1963 | 1965 | [186] |
铃木GSX750S Katana | 摩托车 | 1984 | 1985 | [187] |
图库
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Cord 810/812(1937)
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别克Y-Job(1938)
-
DeSoto(1942)
-
兰博基尼Miura(1966)
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福特Thunderbird(1967)
-
雪佛兰Caprice(1968)
-
道奇Charger RT(1968)
-
欧宝GT(1972)
-
萨博Sonett III(1973)
-
宝马 M1(1978)
-
铃木Katana(1984)
-
丰田MR2(1986)
-
法拉利F40(1987)
-
马自达323 Astina(1989)
-
普利茅斯Laser(1990)
-
保时捷968(1991)
-
莲花Esprit(1995)
-
雪佛兰科尔维特(2004)
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