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伊莎贝拉及莫蒂默军事行动

伊莎贝拉等人进攻路线以绿色标示，
爱德华二世等人撤退路线以啡色标示
日期1326年9月24日–11月16日
地点
 英格兰、 威尔士
结果

逆众派胜利[1][2][3]

参战方
亲王派 逆众派（英语：Contrariants）
指挥官与领导者
爱德华二世（被俘）
小迪潘晨（英语：Hugh Despenser the younger） 处决
温车士打伯爵（英语：Hugh Despenser the elder） 处决
亚兰杜伯爵（英语：Edmund FitzAlan, 2nd Earl of Arundel） 处决

法兰西的伊莎贝拉
罗杰·莫蒂默
李斯特伯爵（英语：Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster）
罗福伯爵（英语：Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk）
根德伯爵（英语：Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent）

埃诺伯爵（英语：William I, Count of Hainaut）[4]
兵力
不明 1,500（入侵）[4]
伤亡与损失
不明 不明

1326年，英格兰王后法兰西的伊莎贝拉连同情夫罗杰·莫蒂默入侵英格兰，导致权倾朝野的小迪潘晨（英语：Hugh Despenser the Younger）被俘虏、伊莎贝拉丈夫爱德华二世被废黜，结束insurrection and civil war[2][3]。

背景

罗杰·莫蒂默是位影响力巨大的边疆贵族（英语：Marcher Lord），与富有的嗣女妻子锺·展维（英语：Joan de Geneville）育有十二子女。1322年，莫蒂默被国王爱德华二世逮捕，之后被囚伦敦塔。莫蒂默的叔叔卓男爵（英语：Roger Mortimer de Chirk）在狱中逝世，而莫蒂默则成功在翌年越狱。他凿壁后逃上天台，在友人协助下经绳梯跳入泰晤士河，最终抵达法国[5]。有维多利亚时期作者认为，伊莎贝拉有可能协助莫蒂默越狱，致使有历史学家提出二人在此时之前已开展关系，不过暂未有确凿证据证明二人在巴黎见面前已有稳定关系[6]。

 
法兰西的伊莎贝拉及其儿子太子爱德华登陆英格兰

1325年，阿基坦公爵兼太子爱德华前赴法国，向法国的查理四世行封臣臣服之礼[7]。伊莎贝拉偕同儿子赴法，王后就是在此行期间与莫蒂默发展关系[8]。伊莎贝拉的cousin埃诺伯爵夫人（英语：Joan of Valois, Countess of Hainaut）向莫蒂默介绍她，又提议爱德华太子娶伯爵夫人的女儿菲莉琶为妻，让两个家族联婚[9]。同年12月起，伊莎贝拉和莫蒂默越渐亲密。但在中世纪欧洲而言，已婚妇人不忠不贞乃是大罪，她的两名sisters-in-law正正因此罪而被囚，最终在1326年逝世，亦即尼劳塔案（英语：Tour de Nesle affair）[10]。因此，历史学家深究伊莎贝拉为何敢于发展恋情，大多数人同意二人被对方深深吸引[11]，其中一人更称之为“中世纪最浪漫的爱情”[12]。二人不仅对亚瑟王传奇有兴趣，亦钟情美术和富裕生活[11]，以及憎恨爱德华二世政权和迪潘晨家族[2]。

1326年1月，伊莎贝拉向查理行完臣服仪式（英语：Homage (feudal)）后，英王要求伊莎贝拉归国。伊莎贝拉以流放晓·迪潘晨作为返国条件，但爱德华拒绝，继而切断所有对妻子的金钱援助[3]。伊莎贝拉转而求助查理，但对方只准许她住在王宫，直至教宗若望二十二世表态反对伊莎贝拉，导致查理要求她离开，二人之后亦多年没再交流[13]。1326年3月前，莫蒂默在英格兰的支持者开始赠送二人食物和装甲等[14]，爱德华试图阻截这些援助，并下令港口留意有否间谍渗入[15]。迪潘晨的权力亦日渐被挑战，The authority of the Despenser regime suffered an increasing amount of rebellious acts including the audacious killing of the Baron of the Exchequer（英语：Baron of the Exchequer）, Roger de Beler（英语：Roger de Beler） by Eustace Folville（英语：Eustace Folville）, Roger la Zouch（英语：Roger la Zouch） and their gang.

伊莎贝拉与莫蒂默得不到法国的支持后，二人在1326年夏季带同太子爱德华到神圣罗马帝国，投靠埃诺伯爵威廉一世（英语：William I, Count of Hainaut）[13][16]。伊莎贝拉亦为太子与伯爵女儿菲莉琶订下婚期[17]，透过嫁妆招买雇佣兵，scouring Brabant for men, which were added to a small force of Hainaut troops.[18]。威廉亦给予伊莎贝拉八艘战人军舰（英语：Man-of-war）和几艘小型军船，作为婚约一部分。Although Edward now feared an invasion, secrecy remained key, and Isabella convinced William to detain envoys from Edward.[18] Isabella also appears to have made a secret agreement with the Scots for the duration of the forthcoming campaign.[19]

入侵

After a short period of confusion during which they attempted to work out where they had landed, Isabella moved quickly inland, dressed in her widow's clothes. A number of her key supporters immediately joined her, perhaps having been forewarned of her arrival, including the Bishops of Lincoln（英语：Henry Burghersh） and Hereford（英语：Adam Orleton）.[20] Local levies, mobilised to stop them, immediately changed sides, and victims of the Despensers and relatives of Contrariant（英语：Contrariant）s flocked to their cause.[20] By the following day Isabella was in Bury St Edmunds and shortly afterwards had swept inland to Cambridge.[21] Thomas, Earl of Norfolk（英语：Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk）, joined Isabella's forces and Henry, Earl of Leicester（英语：Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster）—the brother of the late Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, and Isabella's uncle—also announced he was joining Isabella's faction, marching south to join her. On 26 September, Isabella entered Cambridge.[22]

 
伊莎贝拉在碧仙桃围城战（英语：Siege of Bristol）期间视察
 
Hugh Despenser the younger（英语：Hugh Despenser the younger） and Edmund Fitzalan（英语：Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel） brought before Isabella for trial in 1326; the pair were gruesomely executed
 
Despenser's death

By 27 September, word of the invasion had reached the King and the Despensers in London. Edward issued orders to local sheriffs, including Richard de Perrers the High Sheriff of Essex（英语：High Sheriff of Essex）, to mobilise opposition to Isabella and Mortimer, but with little confidence that they would be acted upon as he suspected that Perrers detested the Despensers.[20] London itself was becoming unsafe due to local unrest and Edward made plans to leave. Isabella struck west again, reaching Oxford on 2 October where she was "greeted as a saviour"—Adam Orleton（英语：Adam Orleton）, the Bishop of Hereford（英语：Bishop of Hereford）, emerged from hiding to give a lecture to the university on the evils of the Despensers.[21] Edward fled London on the same day, heading west toward Wales. Isabella and Mortimer now had an effective alliance with the Lancastrian opposition to Edward, bringing all of his opponents into a single coalition.[2]

Isabella now marched south towards London, pausing at Dunstable on 7 October. London was now in the hands of the mobs（英语：London Uprising）, although broadly allied to Isabella. Bishop Walter de Stapledon（英语：Walter de Stapledon）, unfortunately, failed to realise the extent to which royal power had collapsed in the capital and tried to intervene militarily to protect his property against rioters; a hated figure locally, he was promptly attacked and killed, his head being later sent to Isabella by her local supporters. Edward, meanwhile, was still fleeing west, reaching Gloucester by the 9th. Isabella responded by marching swiftly west herself in an attempt to cut him off, reaching Gloucester a week after Edward, who slipped across the border into Wales the same day.[23] Isabella was joined by the northern baronage led by Thomas Wake（英语：Thomas Wake, 2nd Baron Wake of Liddell）, Henry de Beaumont（英语：Henry de Beaumont） and Henry Percy（英语：Henry de Percy, 2nd Baron Percy） which now gave her total military superiority.[20]

Hugh Despenser the Elder（英语：Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester） continued to hold Bristol against Isabella and Mortimer, who placed it under siege（英语：Siege of Bristol） from 18 October until 26 October when it fell.[1] Isabella was able to recover her daughters Eleanor of Woodstock（英语：Eleanor of Woodstock） and Joan of the Tower（英语：Joan of the Tower）, who had been kept in the Despenser's custody. By now desperate and increasingly deserted by their court, Edward and Hugh Despenser the younger attempted to sail to Lundy, a small island just off the Devon coast, but the weather was against them and after several days they were forced to land back in Wales.[24]

With Bristol secure, Isabella moved her base of operations up to the border town of Hereford, from where she ordered Henry of Lancaster to locate and arrest her husband.[25] After a fortnight of evading Isabella's forces in South Wales, Edward and Hugh were finally caught and arrested near Llantrisant（英语：Llantrisant） on 16 November, which brought an end to the insurrection and the civil war.[26]

后续

Edward II died somehow, most likely assassinated by orders of Isabella and Mortimer. What is known is that both Hugh Despenser the younger（英语：Hugh Despenser the younger） and Edmund Fitzalan（英语：Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel） were both hanged, drawn, and quartered. The deaths of Fitzalan, Despenser the younger, Despenser the elder and Edward II brought an end to the civil war, saw the start of a year of looting of the Despensers' estates and the issuing of pardons to thousands of people falsely indicted by them.[23]

On 31 March 1327, under Isabella's instruction, Edward III agreed a peace treaty with Charles IV of France: Aquitaine would be returned to Edward, with Charles receiving 50,000 livres（英语：livres）, the territories of Limousin（英语：Limousin (province)）, Quercy, the Agenais and Périgord, and the Bazas country, leaving the young Edward with a much reduced territory.[27]

引用

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Prestwich pp 86-87
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lehman pp 141-42
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Richardson p 61
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Weir (2006), p 223
  5. ^ Weir (2006), p 153
  6. ^ Weir (2006), p 154; see Mortimer, 2004 pp 128-9 for the alternative perspective.
  7. ^ Ormrod, W. Mark. "England: Edward II and Edward III." The New Cambridge Medieval History. Ed. Michael Jones. Cambridge University Press, 2000. Cambridge Histories Online. Cambridge University Press. p. 278
  8. ^ Ormrod, p 287
  9. ^ Weir (2006), p 194
  10. ^ A point born out by Mortimer, 2004, p.140
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Weir (2006), p 197
  12. ^ Mortimer (2004) p 141
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Weir (2006), p 215
  14. ^ Patent Rolls 1232–1509.
  15. ^ Close Rolls 1224–1468.
  16. ^ Prestwich p 86 there was no danger from France for Isabella found her support from Hainaut
  17. ^ Kibler p 477
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Weir (2006), p 221
  19. ^ Weir (2006), p 222
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Fryde 1979
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 Fryde pp 182-86
  22. ^ Weir (2006), p 226
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Fryde pp 190-92
  24. ^ Haines p 224
  25. ^ Wier (2006), p 234
  26. ^ Richardson p 643
  27. ^ Neillands, p.32.

文献


[[Category:英格蘭戰役]] [[Category:1326 in England]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1326]] [[Category:入侵英格兰]]

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