五边形镶嵌
正五边形不能镶嵌平面，因为其内角是108°，不能整除360°。截至2015年[update]，已知有15种凸五边形镶嵌平面。2017年5月，里昂高等师范学校Michaël Rao宣称已证明只存在上述的15种凸五边形镶嵌平面情况。[1]
历史
Reinhardt (1918)发现了“镶嵌块递移”（tile transitive）的5种五边形镶嵌，即是说镶嵌的对称性可以将任何一块带到任何另一块（用数学语言描述，镶嵌的自同构群作用在镶嵌块上是可递的。）Kershner (1968)发现了3种新的五边形镶嵌，都不是镶嵌递移的；他错误声称已经找出所有的五边形镶嵌。1975年Richard E. James III找到第9种。Schattschneider (1978)描述业馀数学家玛乔里·赖斯在1976至1977年间找到新的4种五边形镶嵌。Schattschneider (1985)描述Rolf Stein在1985年找到的第14种五边形镶嵌。Bagina (2011)证明边对边（edge-to-edge）的凸五边形镶嵌只有8种，Sugimoto (2012)独立证出同一结果。2015年，华盛顿大学数学家Casey Mann、Jennifer McLoud和David Von Derau发现了第15种五边形镶嵌，使用了电脑算法搜寻。[2]
五边形的性质
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 B+C=180° A+D+E=360° |
 c=e B+D=180° |
 a = b, d = c + e A = C = D = 120° |
 b = c, d = e B = D = 90° |
 a = b, d = e A = 60°, D = 120° | |
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
 a = d = e, b = c B + D = 180°, 2B = E |
 b = c = d = e B + 2E = 2C + D = 360° |
 b = c = d = e 2B + C = D + 2E = 360° |
 b = c = d = e 2A + C = D + 2E = 360° |
 a = b = c + e A = 90°, B + E = 180°, B + 2C = 360° | |
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
 2a + c = d = e A = 90°, 2B + C = 360° C + E = 180° |
 2a = d = c + e A = 90°, 2B + C = 360° C + E = 180° |
 d = 2a = 2e B = E = 90°, 2A + D = 360° |
 2a = 2c = d = e A = 90°, B ≈ 145.34°, C ≈ 69.32°, D ≈ 124.66°, E ≈ 110.68° (2B + C = 360°, C + E = 180°). |
 a = c = e, b = 2a A = 150°, B = 60°, C = 135°, D = 105°, E = 90° | |
参考文献
引用
- ^ Exhaustive search of convex pentagons which tile the plane (PDF). [2017-07-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-11-12）.
- ^ Bellos, Alex. Attack on the pentagon results in discovery of new mathematical tile. The Guardian. 11 August 2015 [2015-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）.
<references>标签中name属性为“NPR”的参考文献没有在文中使用来源
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- Bagina, Olga, Мозаики из выпуклых пятиугольников [Tilings of the plane with convex pentagons], Vestnik (Kemerovo State University), 2011, 4 (48): 63–73 [29 January 2013], ISSN 2078-1768, （原始内容存档于2015-10-01） （俄语）
- Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, Geoffrey C., Tilings by polygons, Tilings and Patterns, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1987, ISBN 0-7167-1193-1, MR 0857454
- Gardner, Martin, Tiling with Convex Polygons, Time travel and other mathematical bewilderments, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1988, ISBN 0-7167-1925-8, MR 0905872
- Godrèche, C., The sphinx: a limit-periodic tiling of the plane, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 1989, 22 (24): L1163–L1166, MR 1030678, doi:10.1088/0305-4470/22/24/006
- Hirschhorn, M. D.; Hunt, D. C., Equilateral convex pentagons which tile the plane, Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A, 1985, 39 (1): 1–18, ISSN 1096-0899, MR 0787713, doi:10.1016/0097-3165(85)90078-0
- Kershner, Richard, On paving the plane, American Mathematical Monthly, 1968, 75: 839–844 [2015-08-18], ISSN 0002-9890, MR 0236822, doi:10.2307/2314332, （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）
- Reinhardt, Karl, Über die Zerlegung der Ebene in Polygone, Dissertation Frankfurt a.M., Borna-Leipzig, Druck von Robert Noske, 1918 （德语）
- Schattschneider, Doris, Tiling the plane with congruent pentagons, Mathematics Magazine, 1978, 51 (1): 29–44 [2015-08-18], ISSN 0025-570X, MR 0493766, doi:10.2307/2689644, （原始内容存档于2015-08-18）
- Schattschneider, Doris, A new pentagon tiler, Mathematics Magazine, 1985, 58 (5): 308, The cover has a picture of the new tiling
- Sugimoto, Teruhisa, Convex pentagons for edge-to-edge tiling, I. (PDF), Forma, 2012, 27 (1): 93–103 [2015-08-18], MR 3030316, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-24）
