掸语
傣耶语 | |
---|---|
母语国家和地区 | 掸邦、泰国西北部、中国云南德宏 |
母语使用人数 | 330万 (2001) |
语系 | |
文字 | 傣耶文(傣绷文)、傣那文(傣勒文)、昙摩文(老傣仂文) |
官方地位 | |
承认少数语言 | 缅甸 |
语言代码 | |
ISO 639-2 | shn |
ISO 639-3 | shn |
Glottolog | shan1277 [1] |
简述
说掸语的人自称大傣(Tai Yai或Tai Long)。“掸”是他称,可能是暹罗一词的讹传。
南掸邦的掸语(傣耶语)一般用傣耶文书写,傣耶文非常接近缅文,与中国的傣绷文相同。20世纪60年代之前使用的老傣耶文还不能完整地记录掸语的语音。现行的傣耶文和语音对应良好。北掸邦接近克钦的地区的掸语(傣耶语)使用傣卯文,与东克钦、德宏的傣那文是同一文种;东掸邦的掸语(傣耶语)和傣痕语共用昙摩文,即西双版纳老傣文。
掸语音系
辅音
掸语有19个辅音。与泰语和老挝语不同,掸语没有[d]和[b]两个浊口腔塞音,古内爆浊音今读浊鼻塞音。
双唇音 | 唇齿音 | 齿龈音 | 上颚音 | 软颚音 | 喉音 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
不送气清音 | 送气清音 | 浊音 | 不送气清音 | 送气清音 | 浊音 | 不送气清音 | 送气清音 | 浊音 | 不送气清音 | 送气清音 | 浊音 | |||
塞音 | [p] ပ |
[pʰ] ၽ |
[t] တ |
[tʰ] ထ |
[c] ၸ |
[k] ၵ |
[kʰ] ၶ |
[ʔ]1 ဢ | ||||||
鼻音 | [m] မ |
[n] ၼ |
[ɲ] ၺ |
[ŋ] င |
||||||||||
擦音 | ([f])2 ၾ |
[s] သ |
[h] ႁ | |||||||||||
颤音 | ([r])3 ရ |
|||||||||||||
近音 | [j] ယ |
[w] ဝ |
||||||||||||
流音 | [l] လ |
- 1 声门爆破音一般标记在未终止的短元音后,或者在一个元音前的无声“a”。
- 2 开头的[f]只见于某些方言词中,其他方言区一般发音为[pʰ]。
- 3 颤音很少见,一般用于英语或巴利语外来词中。很多掸族人不会发[r]这个音,有时发[l]作为替代。
元音
掸语有10个元音,13个双元音:
前元音 | 央元音 | 后元音 |
---|---|---|
/i/ | /ɨ/~/ɯ/ | /u/ |
/e/ | /ə/~/ɤ/ | /o/ |
/ɛ/ | /a/ /aː/ |
/ɔ/ |
[iu], [eu], [ɛu]; [ui], [oi], [ɯi], [ɔi], [əi]; [ai], [aɯ], [au]; [aːi], [aːu]
和泰语相比,掸语的元音的比较简单。掸族人在学习泰语时很难发出ia、ua、uea([ɯa])等双元音。此外,掸语没有三元音,在长元音和短元音方面也没有泰语那样系统性的区别。
声调
掸语的元音有抑止元音和自由元音的对立,两者的声调有所不同。根据方言差异,掸语有五个或六个声调。第六个声调只在北部方言出现。
自由元音音节的声调对比
下表是六个自由元音音节表示的声调,即以[m]、[n]、[ŋ]、[w]等响音结尾的闭音节,和以[j]结尾的开音节。
序号 | 描述 | IPA | 描述 | 转写* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 24 低昇 |
˨˦ | 次低调上升到次高调 | ǎ | a (不标记) |
2 | 11 低平 |
˩ | 低平,持续平稳 | à | a, |
3 | 32 中降 |
˧˨ | 中调,然后略微降到次低调 | a (不标记) |
a; |
4 | 55 高平 |
˥ | 高平,持续平稳 | á | a: |
5 | 42 次高降(嘎裂声) |
˦˨ˀ | 短暂的嘎裂声,次高调迅速降到次低调并带声门塞音 | âʔ, â̰ | a. |
6 | 343 升降 |
˧˦˧ | 先从中调昇到次高调,再降到中调 (类似于从3调到5调) | a᷈ |
- * The symbol in the first column corresponds to conventions used for other tonal languages; the second is derived from the Shan orthography.
下表是具体音位的声调示例:
调值 | 掸语 | IPA | 示意 | 释义 |
---|---|---|---|---|
rising | ၼႃ | /nǎː/ | na | 厚 |
low | ၼႃႇ | /nàː/ | na, | 极、非常 |
mid | ၼႃႈ | /nāː/ | na; | 脸 |
high | ၼႃး | /náː/ | na: | 水田 |
creaky | ၼႃႉ | /na̰/ | na. | 姨、舅 |
掸语声调与泰语声调对应,如下所示:
- 掸语的升调接近泰语的升调。
- The Shan low tone is equivalent to the Thai low tone.
- The Shan mid-tone is different from the Thai mid-tone. It falls in the end.
- The Shan high tone is close to the Thai high tone. But it is not rising.
- The Shan falling tone is different from the Thai falling tone. It is short, creaky and ends with a glottal stop.
抑止元音音节的声调对比
下表是四个抑止元音音节(入声)表示的声调,即以声门塞音[ʔ]及[p]、[t]、[k]三个阻碍音 结尾的闭音节。
Tone | Shan | Phonemic | Phonetic | Transliteration | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
high | လၵ်း | /lák/ | [lak˥] | lak: | post |
creaky | လၵ်ႉ | /la̰k/ | [la̰k˦˨ˀ] | lak. | steal |
low | လၢၵ်ႇ | /làːk/ | [laːk˩] | laak, | differ from others |
mid | လၢၵ်ႈ | /lāːk/ | [laːk˧˨] | laak; | drag |
音节结构
The syllable structure of Shan is C(G)V((V)/(C)), which is to say the onset consists of a consonant optionally followed by a glide, and the rhyme consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong alone. (Only in some dialects, a diphthong may also be followed by a consonant.) The glides are: -w-, -y- and -r-. There are seven possible final consonants: /ŋ/, /n/, /m/, /k/, /t/, /p/, and /ʔ/.
Some representative words are:
- CV /kɔ/ also
- CVC /kàːt/ market
- CGV /kwàː/ to go
- CGVC /kwaːŋ/ broad
- CVV /kǎi/ far
- CGVV /kwáːi/ water buffalo
Typical Shan words are monosyllabic. Multisyllabic words are mostly Pali loanwords, or Burmese words with the initial weak syllable /ə/.
注释
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Shan. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
参考文献
- The Major Languages of East and South-East Asia. Bernard Comrie (London, 1990).
- A Guide to the World's Languages. Merritt Ruhlen (Stanford, 1991).
- Shan for English Speakers. Irving I. Glick & Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Wheaton, 1991).
- Shan - English Dictionary. Sao Tern Moeng (Dunwoody Press, Kensington, 1995).
- An English and Shan Dictionary. H. W. Mix (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1920; Revised edition by S.H.A.N., Chiang Mai, 2001).
- Grammar of the Shan Language. J. N. Cushing (American Baptist Mission Press, Rangoon, 1887).
延伸阅读
- Sai Kam Mong. The History and Development of the Shan Scripts. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books, 2004. ISBN 974-9575-50-4
外部链接
- Ethnologue entry (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Shan-language Swadesh vocabulary list of basic words (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆))
- Shan Alphabet (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- The New Testament written in Shan
- SIL Padauk Font (Shan Unicode) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- SEAlang Library Shan Dictionary (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)