法兰克福提案

法兰克福提案(英语:Frankfurt proposals)或法兰克福备忘录(英语:Frankfurt memorandum)是拿破仑莱比锡战役惨败后由奥地利帝国外交部长克莱门斯·冯·梅特涅设计的联盟和平倡议,目标是和平结束第六次反法同盟。出席会议的英国外交官阿伯丁勋爵误判了伦敦立场,接受了这提案。[1][2]

法国1812年的势力。
1801年法国的“自然边界”

提议法国由拿破仑继续担任皇帝,但法国将只剩法国革命者所称的“自然边界”以内。即比利牛斯山脉阿尔卑斯山脉莱茵河以内。保留对比利时萨伏依莱茵兰(莱茵河西岸)的统治,但放弃在西班牙、波兰、荷兰、莱茵河以东的意大利、德国的领土。[3]

拿破仑和梅特涅在6月德累斯顿的私人会议讨论过这提案。[4]最终版于11月由圣埃尼翁男爵转达给拿破仑。[5] 梅特涅告诉拿破仑这是盟军可能提供的最好条件;梅特涅这提案的动机是让法国平衡俄罗斯的威胁,同时结束拿破仑战争[6][7]

还想赢的拿破仑拖太久,伦敦在12月撤回提议。[8]

1813年联军深入法境,拿破仑终寡不敌众,试图重启和谈。[9]新条款严厉了不少,其包括法国退到其1791年的边界,即放弃比利时莱茵兰领土。[10]拿破仑坚决拒绝,最终于1814年4月6日被迫退位逃到义大利厄尔巴岛

参见

参考

  1. ^ Henry A. Kissinger, A World Restored; Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 (1957) pp 97-103
  2. ^ Leggiere, Michael V. The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. Cambridge UP. 2007: 42–62. ISBN 9780521875424. 
  3. ^ Ross (1969), p 342
  4. ^ Munro Price, "Napoleon and Metternich in 1813: some new and some neglected evidence," French History (2012) 26#4 pp 482-503.
  5. ^ Robert Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), pp 656-59, 685
  6. ^ J. P. Riley. Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge. 2013: 206. ISBN 9781136321351. 
  7. ^ Leggiere. The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. 2007: 53. ISBN 9780521875424. 
  8. ^ Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p 686
  9. ^ Riley. Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. 2013: 206. ISBN 9781136321351. 
  10. ^ Andrews, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p 695

延伸阅读

  • Roberts, Andrew. Napoleon: A Life (2014)
  • Dwyer, Philip. Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power (2013) ch 22
  • Dwyer, Philip G. "Self-Interest versus the Common Cause: Austria, Prussia and Russia against Napoleon," Journal of Strategic Studies (2008) 31#4 pp 605–632; explores why the Coalition held together so well in 1813-1814
  • Esdaile, Charles. Napoleon's Wars: An International History 1803-1815 (2007) pp 217–18
  • Kissinger, Henry A. A World Restored; Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812-1822 (1957) pp 97–103
  • Leggiere, Michael V. The Fall of Napoleon: Volume 1, The Allied Invasion of France, 1813-1814. Cambridge UP. 2007: 42–62. ISBN 9780521875424. 
  • J. P. Riley. Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge. 2013: 206. ISBN 9781136321351. 
  • Ross, Stephen T. European Diplomatic History 1789-1815: France against Europe (1969) pp 342–344
  • Ward, A.W. and G. P. Gooch, eds. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783–1919: Volume I: 1783–1815 (1921) online pp 416–35;