肺螺类

有肺类; 化石时期：石炭纪至现在 PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	软体动物门 Mollusca
纲：	腹足纲 Gastropoda
演化支：	直腹足类 Orthogastropoda
演化支：	后生腹足类 Apogastropoda
亚纲：	异鳃亚纲 Heterobranchia
非正式类群：	有肺类 Pulmonata; Cuvier, 1814
类群
	基眼类 Basommatophora!; 真有肺总目 Eupulmonata;

肺螺类（学名：Pulmonata），亦作有肺类，旧作有肺目、肺螺目或肺螺亚纲，是腹足纲异鳃类支序之下的一个非正式群组。这个群组包括有螺和蛞蝓，均可以透过其外套膜肺（pallial lung）而不是鳃来呼吸空气。本群组除了包括有蜗牛和淡水螺，还包括多个海螺的科。

传统定义的肺螺类分类单元的物种在Jörger et al. (2010)被发现原来是个多系群^[1]。肺螺类已知从石炭纪开始就已经开始出现，直到现在^[2]。

肺螺类物种有一个心室和一个肾脏，还有一个相互连接、左右对称的神经系统。外套膜腔位于身体的右侧，而且没有鳃，而是演变成一个布满血管的肺。大多数物种都有壳，但没有口盖，而且本分类元还包括有几种没有外壳的蛞蝓。肺类类物种都雌雄间性，部份群组还拥有用作交配的恋矢（love darts）^[3]

1997年分类

在原来的《旁得和林德伯格的腹足类分类 (1997年)》，本支序是一个目级分类元，包括下列各个分类元：

收眼亚目 Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
- - 石磺总科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - 拉索蛞蝓总科 Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
基眼亚目 Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864：淡水螺及池塘的螺
- - Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
  - 两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
  - 椎实螺总科 Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - 扁蜷总科 Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - 松螺总科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
真有肺亚目 Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
  - Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
  - Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- 柄眼下目 Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856
  
  Shells of pulmonate styllomatophoran snails in a museum collection
  
  An artistic but scientifically incorrect version of various European land snails and slugs (one species here is not a pulmonate), their food plants and fungi, and a beetle that eats mollusks, bottom right.
  - 直尿道小目 Orthurethra
  - Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
  - Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
  - Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
  - Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
  - 弯尿道小目 Sigmurethra
  - Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - 非洲大蜗牛总科 Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
  - Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
  - Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
  - Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
  - Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - 烟管蜗牛总科 Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
  - Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
  - Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
  - Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
  - Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
  - Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
  - Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
  - Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
  - Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
  - Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
  - Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
  - Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
  - Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
  - Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
  - ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
  - ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra

2005年分类

Examples of Pulmonata: Achatina fulica top right, Bielzia coerulans top left, Praticolella berlandieriana center right, Megalobulimus oblongus in the center, Euglandina rosea center left, Helix pomatia bottom right & Ashmunella levettei bottom left

根据《布歇特和洛克罗伊的腹足类分类 (2005年)》，Glacidorboidea被搬到异鳃类支序之下的下异鳃类群组，本分类馀下下列各个分类^[4]：

有肺类非正式群组

包括基眼类非正式群组及真有肺类支序。

基眼类非正式群组

基眼类（Basommatophora）非正式群组包括喜湿螺类（Hygrophila）支序和下列两个总科：

两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- 两栖螺科 Amphibolidae
松螺总科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- 松螺科 Siphonariidae
- † Family Acroreiidae

喜湿螺类

喜湿螺类（Hygrophila）支序包括下列四个总科：

斜顶螺总科 Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
- 斜顶螺科 Acroloxidae Thiele, 1931
Superfamily Chilinoidea Dall, 1870
- Family Chilinidae Dall, 1870
- Family Latiidae Hutton, 1882
椎实螺总科（Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815）
- 椎实螺科（Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815）
扁蜷总科（Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815）
- 扁蜷科（Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815）
  - 扁蜷亚科（Planorbinae Rafinesque, 1815）
    - Tribe Ancylini Rafinesque, 1815：从原来的Ancylidae科降格而成
- 膀胱螺科（Physidae Fitzinger, 1833，又名囊螺科）

真有肺类支序

真有肺类（Eupulmonata）支序包括the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora

Superfamily Trimusculoidea
- Family Trimusculidae
Superfamily Otinoidea
- Family Otinidae
- Family Smeagolidae
耳螺总科 Ellobioidea
- 耳螺科 Ellobiidae

收眼类支序

收眼类支序（Systellommatophora = Gymnomorpha）之下有两总科^[5]，分别为：

石磺总科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
- 石磺科 Onchidiidae Rafinesque, 1815
皱足蛞蝓总科 Veronicelloidea Gray, 1840
- 皱足蛞蝓科 Veronicellidae Gray, 1840
- 拉索蛞蝓科 Rathouisiidae Heude, 1885

Clade Stylommatophora

Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

limacoid clade

Superfamily Staffordioidea
- Family Staffordiidae
Superfamily Dyakioidea
- Family Dyakiidae
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
- Family Gastrodontidae
- Family Chronidae
- Family Euconulidae
- Family Oxychilidae
- Family Pristilomatidae
- Family Trochomorphidae
- Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
  - Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
  - Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
  - Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
Superfamily Parmacelloidea
- Family Parmacellidae
- Family Milacidae
- Family Trigonochlamydidae
Superfamily Zonitoidea
- Family Zonitidae
Superfamily Helicarionoidea
- Family Helicarionidae
- Family Ariophantidae
- Family Urocyclidae
Superfamily Limacoidea
- Family Limacidae
- Family Agriolimacidae
- Family Boettgerillidae
- Family Vitrinidae

other Sigmurethra

Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.

Superfamily Arionoidea
- Family Arionidae
- Family Anadenidae
- Family Ariolimacidae
- Family Binneyidae
- Family Oopeltidae
- Family Philomycidae
Superfamily Helicoidea
- Family Helicidae
- Family Bradybaenidae
- Family Camaenidae
- Family Cepolidae
- Family Cochlicellidae
- Family Elonidae
- Family Epiphragmophoridae
- Family Halolimnohelicidae
- Family Helicodontidae
- Family Helminthoglyptidae
- Family Humboldtianidae
- Family Hygromiidae
- Family Monadeniidae
- Family Pleurodontidae
- Family Polygyridae
- Family Sphincterochilidae
- Family Thysanophoridae
- Family Trissexodontidae
- Family Xanthonychidae

2010年分类

Jörger et al. (2010)^[1] analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata.^[1]

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10 (1): 323 [2016-10-28]. PMC 3087543  . PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.
^ Pek, I.; Vašíček, Z.; Roček, Z.; Hajn., V.; Mikuláš, R. Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc. 1996: 264 pp. ISBN 80-7067-599-3 （捷克语）.
^ Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1982: 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
^ Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
^ Dayrat B. Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species (preview). Zootaxa. 2009, 2068: 1–26 [2016-10-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-24）.
^ 吴岷 (编). 二、霜纳螺科 Pachnodidae Steenberg, 1925. 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物第58卷艾纳螺总科第一版. 科学出版社. 2018-06-01: 229-234 [2018-12-27]. ISBN 9787030574831 （中文（简体））.

引用错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Wade2001”的参考文献没有在文中使用

引用错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Holznagel2010”的参考文献没有在文中使用

外部链接

维基物种上的相关信息：肺螺类
Pulmonata. NCBI （英语）.

Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Jörger_2010-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10 (1): 323 [2016-10-28]. PMC 3087543  . PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.

[Pek1996-2] Pek, I.; Vašíček, Z.; Roček, Z.; Hajn., V.; Mikuláš, R. Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc. 1996: 264 pp. ISBN 80-7067-599-3 （捷克语）.

[IZ-3] Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1982: 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.

[4] Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.

[Dayrat2009-5] Dayrat B. Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species (preview). Zootaxa. 2009, 2068: 1–26 [2016-10-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-24）.

[zgdwz_W58-6] 吴岷 (编). 二、霜纳螺科 Pachnodidae Steenberg, 1925. 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物第58卷艾纳螺总科第一版. 科学出版社. 2018-06-01: 229-234 [2018-12-27]. ISBN 9787030574831 （中文（简体））.

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肺螺类