舐阴
舐阴[1](英语:Cunnilingus),又称舔阴,是口交的一种,当中从事者的口部会跟一名女性的生殖器(阴蒂、外阴的其他部分或阴道)接触,并以此进行刺激[2][3]。阴蒂是人类女性生殖器中最为敏感的一个部分,对它进行刺激可使女性进入性兴奋状态,以至达至性高潮[4][5][6]。
舐阴可使从事者进入性兴奋状态。一名伴侣可能会在进行像性交和肛交般的性行为之前,为其女性伴侣舐阴,并以其作为前戏的一部分[2][7];或视其本身就是一种加强身体亲密和激起性欲的行为[2][3]。正如大多数性行为一样,口交可能会传播性感染疾病,但相关风险显著低于阴道交及肛交[8][9]。
口交在一些地区被视为禁忌[2],但大多数国家并没有设立禁止人们进行口交的法律。虽然人们普遍认为舐阴跟失贞与否没有关系,但一些女同性恋者则正好认为舐阴会使人失贞[10][11][12][13]。此外亦有一些人对“为伴侣舐阴”或“伴侣为自己舐阴”持负面观感,并可能因此拒绝从事之[2]。
语源学
英语“cunnilingus”起源自新拉丁语:女阴(cunnus)、舌(lingua)[14]。此外亦有许多不同的俚语用于代指舐阴,包括“drinking from the furry cup”(以带毛的杯子喝饮料)[15]、“carpet munching”(嚼地毯)、“muff diving”、“tipping the velvet”(轻舔天鹅绒)、“lip service”(舌上服务);英国小说家萨拉·沃特斯曾把其笔下的其中一本小说命名为《轻舔丝绒》[16]。其次,亦可称为他人舐阴者为“cunnilinguist”[17]。
实践
一般统计表明,70-80%的女性都需透过对阴蒂进行直接刺激的方式来达至性高潮[18][19][20][21]。雪儿·海特针对女性性表象的研究指出,大多数女性很容易在舐阴当中达至性高潮,因为其会直接刺激阴蒂(以及外阴等与阴蒂存有解剖关系的部分)[22]。
可称为他人舐阴者作“给予方”,被他人舐阴者则可称作“接受方”。在舐阴期间,给予方或接受方皆可能会利用自身的手指把大阴唇分开,以便舌头对阴蒂进行刺激。将双腿往外分开也通常能使大阴唇打开一道足以令对方的舌头碰到阴蒂的空间。
一些性爱指南建议在刚开始舐阴时舌头应以较轻柔的动作刺激对方,不要过份强烈地集中刺激之。舌尖、舌面以及舌侧皆可以在当中运用,此外刺激源亦可包括鼻子、下巴、牙齿和嘴唇。舌头的动作亦可依据从事者的喜好来调节,调节点包括动作快慢、动作的规律性,及其轻柔与否。除此之外,舌头还可以进入阴道,然后在内固着不动或四处移动。接受方也可移动自己的身体,增加舌头对自身身躯的刺激。
舐阴可与指交一并进行,性玩具亦可为接受方提供额外的刺激。舌头进入阴道的目的亦有可能是为了刺激G点[23]。
女性自我舐阴亦是一种可能实现的舐阴方式,从事的女性会用口自行刺激自己的生殖器[24]。但这可能只有练过柔身术的女性才能做到,因为其需要非常高的身体灵活性[25][26][27][28]。
体位
任何使性伴侣的口部能与女性生殖器接触的体位皆适合于实践舐阴,其中包括:
健康风险
性传播疾病
披衣菌感染、人类乳突病毒(HPV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒、淋病、疱疹、病毒性肝炎般的性传播感染(STIs)能经由口交传播[8][29][30]。与感染人类免疫缺陷病毒(一种引起爱滋病的病毒)的人交换体液便有机会遭该种病毒感染。然而与阴道交或肛交相比,口交传播性感染疾病的风险明显较低。在众多传播HIV病毒的途径当中,口交的风险是最低的[8][9][31][32]。再者现有记录指出,在舐阴中传播人类免疫缺陷病毒的风险低于吮阳、阴道交和肛交[8]。
如果口交接受方的生殖器有伤口,或是给予方的口中有伤口、开放性溃疡,以及牙龈出血,那么传播性感染疾病的风险则会增加[8][9]。在口交之前或之后刷牙、使用牙线,以及光顾牙科服务皆有可能增加传播的风险,因为这些活动都有机会划伤口腔[8][9][33]。不论多么微少的伤口,都会增加性感染疾病透过口腔传播的机会[8][9]。此外上述情况亦会增加当事人感染常见于生殖器区域的细菌和病毒的风险。由于上述种种因素,所以医学文献一般建议在与不知道有没有感染性传播疾病的伴侣从事口交时使用有效的屏障器具[8][9][30]。
HPV与口腔癌
研究已发现与受人类乳突病毒感染的人士一同从事口交跟患上口腔癌有着相关性[34]。一项于2005年发表的研究表明,跟人类乳突病毒携带者从事无采取任何保护措施的口交可能会增加患上口腔癌的风险。该研究发现36%的口腔癌患者受到人类乳突病毒感染;没患上口腔癌的对照组则只有1%受其感染[35]。
另一项2007年的研究则指出口交与咽喉癌之间有着明显的相关性。负责该研究的研究者相信其背后的原因是人类乳突病毒会在口交中传播。大多数子宫颈癌病例与感染人类乳突病毒有关,且许多研究都在咽喉癌组织中检测到该种病毒。该研究最后得出结论,与从不从事口交者相比,一生中与1-5名伴侣从事口交的患上咽喉癌的风险大约增加了1倍;与多于5名伴侣从事口交者的相关风险则增加250%[36][37][38]。
舌头的机械性损伤
舌系带在舐阴时可能会因反复摩擦而溃疡[39]。因这种方式而起的舌系带溃疡多为水平横状。上述损伤对应于所接触的舌头下表面和下前齿的边缘。这种类型的病变在7-10天内就会自愈,但也可能反复发作。慢性的舌系带溃疡有机会导致线性纤维增生。平滑的下颌齿边缘可使损伤机会降低[40]。
文化与宗教观点
不同文化及社会对舐阴的看法差异很大。有一些对其表示厌恶,也有一些文化高度重视它[2]。在许多社会文化中,人们会对舐阴表示批评,甚至视之为禁忌[2]。舔阴遭传统中国道教视为满足灵性的性实践,具有延年益寿之效[41]。在现代西方文化中,普遍青少年和成年人皆会从事口交[42]。
厌恶舐阴者亦有着不同的理由去厌恶之。其中一些认为从事舐阴的目的不是为了生殖,所以就是不自然的[43]。一些社会对身体的不同部位都加了一定的象征意义,这使得部分人认为舐阴是一种“很脏的”且“使人感到耻辱的”性实践[44]。
虽然一般观念或会认为所有女女性接触者皆会从事舐阴,但仍有一些女同性恋者或女双性恋者因心理社会以及情感因素(像是认为其“很脏”),而不喜欢从事舐阴[45][46][47][48]。而一些女同性恋者或女双性恋者则认为其是必需要进行的性活动,或认为其是女同性恋者最主要的性活动[47][48]。与异性恋者相比,女同性恋者更会认为伴侣不喜欢舔阴是“有问题的”,且她们更会常常为此寻求治疗,希望伴侣或自己能克服对它的禁忌[47]。
口交常被用作一种避免失贞的手段,异性伴侣当中更是如此:此类情况常遭称作“技术性保贞”(其他技术性保贞手段包括肛交、互相抚慰等非进入式性行为)[10][11][12][49]。技术性保贞此一概念在西方青年当中甚为流行,他们可能会以口交来建立和维持亲密关系,同时规避怀孕的风险[11][12][33][50]。女同性恋者则可能认为口交或指交会令自己失贞,但她们对如何界定失贞有着各式各样的看法[10][13][51]。
参见
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延伸阅读
- Gershon Legman: The Guilt of the Templars. Basic Books Inc., New York, 1966.
- Gershon Legman: Rationale of the Dirty Joke: An Analysis of Sexual Humor, Simon & Schuster, 1968.