预定论
预定论(Predestination)在神学中是指所有事件都由上帝意志所决定,特别是关于个人灵魂的最终命运。[1]这一教义通常涉及自由意志的悖论,即上帝的全知似乎与人类的自由意志不相容。预定论经常被视为宗教决定论的一种形式。
历史
前基督教时期
一些学者认为《以诺书》包含一种决定论的世界观,与二元论结合。[2]《禧年书》似乎将自由意志和决定论相结合。便·西拉则强调自由意志,认为上帝允许人类在善与恶之间做出选择。[3]
新约时期
学者对一世纪犹太教的预定观点存在分歧。约瑟夫斯记载了三个主要犹太教派别对此问题的不同看法。保罗在《罗马书》8-11章中探讨了预定的问题,特别是罗马书8:28-30节,被解释为上帝选择特定的人得救。[4]}}学者们对此段经文有不同的诠释,有人认为这仅与服务有关,而非救赎。[5]
教父时期
奥古斯丁在早期认为预定是基于上帝对个人功勋的预知,但后来他改变了观点,认为信仰是上帝恩典的结果,而非人类行为的奖励。[6]奥古斯丁的观点引发了争议,一些学者如艾克兰的朱利安认为他主张双重预定,即上帝选择一些人得救,同时也选择一些人受罚。[7]
中世纪
托马斯·阿奎那认为上帝的预定仅基于他的善良,而非受造物的善行。他主张人类拥有自由意志,完全对自己的罪行负责。[8]奥卡姆则认为上帝的预定是基于对人类选择的预见。[9]
宗教改革
约翰·加尔文主张双重预定,即上帝预定某些人得救,另一些人注定受罚。他认为,尽管上帝预定了罪人的命运,但罪人的罪行是其受罚的原因,而救赎完全是上帝的恩典。此外,其他宗教改革者如茨温利也持有双重预定的观点。
基督教各教派的观点
东正教
东正教强调人类自由意志与上帝恩典的协作。神学家圣西奥凡表示,人的努力与上帝的恩典需结合才能达到救赎。[10]
罗马天主教
罗马天主教教导预定论,但不否认自由意志。天主教教义认为,上帝在预定中包含了每个人对其恩典的自由回应。奥古斯丁的教义对天主教的预定论有深远影响,他强调上帝的圣宠引导人们行善。[11]
新教
加尔文主义
加尔文主义主张无条件选择和双重预定,认为上帝根据自己的意志选择得救者和受罚者。
阿民念主义
预定论的类型
伊斯兰教的观点
在伊斯兰教中,预定论也有重要地位。伊斯兰教教义指出,真主阿拉是全知全能的,所有的事情都在他的掌控之中,是六正信之一。穆斯林相信,真主已经预定了每个人的生命、死亡以及他们的命运。然而,这并不意味著人类没有自由意志。穆斯林学者认为,人类仍需对自己的行为负责,并且有能力选择遵循或违背真主的指引。这种观点试图调和真主的全知和人类的自由意志。
参见
参考资料
引文
- ^ Predestination. The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy Third. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005 [13 June 2011] –通过Dictionary.com.
- ^ Malan, J. C. Enochic (apocalyptic) and Christian perspectives on relationships: A tentative comparison of striking aspects and underlying lines of thinking revealed in 1 Enoch and the New Testament. Neotestamentica. 1983, 17: 84–96. ISSN 0254-8356. JSTOR 43047851.
- ^ Sigal, Philip. The Emergence of Contemporary Judaism, Part I and II: The Foundations of Judaism from Biblical Origins to the Sixth Century A.D..
- ^ Levering 2011,第25页.
- ^ Levering 2011,第33页.
- ^ Levering 2011,第44页.
- ^ Chadwick 1993,第232页.
- ^ Levering 2011,第70页.
- ^ Levering 2011,第88页.
- ^ St. Theophan the Recluse, An Explanation of Certain Texts of Holy Scripture, as quoted in Johanna Manley's The Bible and the Holy Fathers for Orthodox: Daily Scripture Readings and Commentary for Orthodox Christians, p. 609.
- ^ Augustine of Hippo. In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ.. Anti Pelagian Writings. [23 March 2013].
- ^ Stanglin & McCall 2012,第190页.
来源
- Calvin, John. Institutes of the Christian Religion; a New Translation by Henry Beveridge. 2, books 2, 3. 由Henry Beveridge翻译. Edinburgh: Calvin Translation Society. 1845 (英语).
- Chadwick, Henry. The Early Church. London: Penguin books. 1993 (英语).
- dePrater, William A. God Hovered Over the Waters: The Emergence of the Protestant Reformation. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4982-0454-5 (英语).
- EncyclopaediaE. Gregory Of Rimini. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024-04-08 (英语).
- EncyclopaediaE. Ratramnus. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024-04-03 (英语).
- James, Frank A. III. Peter Martyr Vermigli and Predestination: The Augustinian Inheritance of an Italian Reformer. Oxford: Clarendon. 1998 [14 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于22 December 2015) (英语).
- Levering, Matthew. Predestination: Biblical and Theological Paths. New York: Oxford University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-960452-4 (英语).
- Trueman, Carl R. Luther's Legacy: Salvation and English Reformers, 1525–1556. Oxford: Clarendon. 1994 [15 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于22 December 2015) (英语).
- Olson, Roger E. Calvinism and Arminianism Compared. Roger E. Olson: My evangelical, Arminian theological musings. Patheos. 2018 [2019-08-27] (英语).
- Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church 6. Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems. 1997 (英语).
- Stacey, John. John Wycliffe. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2024 (英语).
- Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press. 2012 (英语).
Wiley, H. Orton. Christian theology (3 volumes). Kansas City, MO: Beacon Hill Press. 1940 (英语).
延伸阅读
- Leif Dixon, Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640; Farnham, Ashgate, 2013, ISBN 978-1409463863. Book review at Practical Predestinarians in England, c. 1590–1640 | Reviews in History
- Akin, James. The Salvation Controversy. San Diego, Calif.: Catholic Answers, 2001. Vid. pp. 77, 83–87, explaining the resemblances of this Catholic dogma with, and the divergences from, the teaching of Calvin and Luther on this matter. ISBN 1888992182
- Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald. Predestination. Rockford, Ill.: TAN Books, 1998, cop. 1939. N.B.: Trans. of the author's La Prédestination des saints et la grâce; reprint of the 1939 ed. of the trans. published by G. Herder Book Co., Saint Louis, Mo. ISBN 0895556340
- Park, Jae-Eun. John Knox's Doctrine of Predestination and Its Practical Application for His Ecclesiology. Puritan Reformed Journal. July 2013, 5 (2): 65–90.
- John Plaifere (d.1632) on Conditional Predestination: A Well-mixed Version of scientia media and Resistible Grace." Reformation & Renaissance Review, 18.2 (2016): 155–173.
外部链接
- "Determinism in Theology: Predestination" by Robert M. Kingdon in The Dictionary of the History of Ideas (1973–1974)
- "The question asked was does God know the future and how we will turn out."
- Predestination
- Understanding Predestination in Islam
- Detailed Lecture on Islamic Perspective on Fate
- Occurrences of "predestination" in the Bible text (ESV)
- The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination (1932) by Loraine Boettner (conservative Calvinist perspective)
- The Biblical Doctrine Of Predestination, Foreordination, and Election *互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期3 October 2008. by F. Furman Kearley (Arminian perspective)
- "Predestination" from The Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)
- Academic articles on predestination and election (Lutheran perspective)
- Predestination and Free Will Overview of the concept of predestination from the Protestant and Catholic perspectives
- On the Presuppositions of our Personal Salvation Grace and predestination from the Orthodox perspective