用户:DoroWolf/沙盒/法拉第笼

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法拉第笼（英语：Faraday cage），又称法拉第屏蔽罩（英语：Faraday shield），是一种用于阻挡电磁场的外壳。法拉第笼可由导电材料的连续覆盖物形成，或由此类材料的网组成。法拉第笼以科学家麦可·法拉第的名字命名，他于1836年发明了法拉第笼。

法拉第笼保护一名男子免受电击的影片

法拉第笼的工作原理为外部电场导致笼的导电材料内的电荷分布，从而抵消了笼内部的场效应。这种现象通常用于在设备测试或校准期间保护敏感电子设备免受外部射频干扰。它们还用于保护人员和设备免受雷击和静电放电等实际电流的影响，因为封闭的笼子在封闭空间的外部传导电流，而没有电流穿过内部。

历史

1836年，麦可·法拉第观察到带电导体上的多馀电荷仅存在于其外部，对其内部的任何物体没有影响。为了证明这一事实，他建造了一个涂有金属箔的房间，并让静电发生器的高压放电击中房间的外部。他用验电器显示房间墙壁内部不存在电荷。

虽然这种笼子效应归因于麦可·法拉第1843年进行的著名冰桶实验，但本杰明·富兰克林在1755年观察到这种效应，他将悬挂在线上的不带电软木球从带电金属罐的开口处放下。用他的话说，“软木塞不像在外部那样被吸引到罐子的内部，虽然它接触到了罐子的底部，但当它被拉出来时，并没有像接触到外部一样带电。这种事实是奇特的。”富兰克林发现了现在所谓的法拉第笼的行为（基于法拉第后来的实验，重复了富兰克林的软木塞和罐子）。

Operation

Animation showing how a Faraday cage (box) works. When an external electrical field (arrows) is applied, the electrons (little balls) in the metal move to the left side of the cage, giving it a negative charge, while the remaining unbalanced charge of the nuclei give the right side a positive charge. These induced charges create an opposing electric field that cancels the external electric field throughout the box.

Continuous

A continuous Faraday shield is a hollow conductor. Externally or internally applied electromagnetic fields produce forces on the charge carriers (usually electrons) within the conductor; the charges are redistributed accordingly due to electrostatic induction. The redistributed charges greatly reduce the voltage within the surface, to an extent depending on the capacitance; however, full cancellation does not occur.

Interior charges

If a charge is placed inside an ungrounded Faraday shield without touching the walls (let's denote this charge quantity as +Q), the internal face of the shield becomes charged with −Q, leading to field lines originating at the charge and extending to charges inside the inner surface of the metal. The field line paths in this inside space (to the endpoint negative charges) are dependent on the shape of the inner containment walls. Simultaneously +Q accumulates on the outer face of the shield. The spread of charges on the outer face is not affected by the position of the internal charge inside the enclosure, but rather determined by the shape of outer face. So for all intents and purposes, the Faraday shield generates the same static electric field on the outside that it would generate if the metal were simply charged with +Q. See Faraday's ice pail experiment, for example, for more details on electric field lines and the decoupling of the outside from the inside. Note that electromagnetic waves are not static charges.

If the cage is grounded, the excess charges will be neutralized as the ground connection creates an equipotential bonding between the outside of the cage and the environment, so there is no voltage between them and therefore also no field. The inner face and the inner charge will remain the same so the field is kept inside.

Exterior fields

Skin depth vs. frequency for some materials at room temperature, red vertical line denotes 50 Hz frequency:

• Mn–Zn – magnetically soft ferrite
• Al – metallic aluminum
• Cu – metallic copper
• steel 410 – magnetic stainless steel
• Fe–Si – grain-oriented electrical steel
• Fe–Ni – high-permeability permalloy (80%Ni–20%Fe)

Effectiveness of shielding of a static electric field is largely independent of the geometry of the conductive material; however, static magnetic fields can penetrate the shield completely.

In the case of a varying electromagnetic fields, the faster the variations are (i.e., the higher the frequencies), the better the material resists magnetic field penetration. In this case the shielding also depends on the electrical conductivity, the magnetic properties of the conductive materials used in the cages, as well as their thicknesses.

A good idea of the effectiveness of a Faraday shield can be obtained from considerations of skin depth. With skin depth, the current flowing is mostly in the surface, and decays exponentially with depth through the material. Because a Faraday shield has finite thickness, this determines how well the shield works; a thicker shield can attenuate electromagnetic fields better, and to a lower frequency.

Faraday cage

Faraday cages are Faraday shields which have holes in them and are therefore more complex to analyze. Whereas continuous shields essentially attenuate all wavelengths whose skin depth in the hull material is less than the thickness of the hull, the holes in a cage may permit shorter wavelengths to pass through or set up "evanescent fields" (oscillating fields that do not propagate as EM waves) just beyond the surface. The shorter the wavelength, the better it passes through a mesh of given size. Thus, to work well at short wavelengths (i.e., high frequencies), the holes in the cage must be smaller than the wavelength of the incident wave.

Examples

• Faraday cages are routinely used in analytical chemistry to reduce noise while making sensitive measurements.
• Faraday cages, more specifically dual paired seam Faraday bags, are often used in digital forensics to prevent remote wiping and alteration of criminal digital evidence.
• The U.S. and NATO Tempest standards, and similar standards in other countries, include Faraday cages as part of a broader effort to provide emission security for computers.
• Automobile and airplane passenger compartments are essentially Faraday cages, protecting passengers from electric charges, such as lightning
• Electronic components in automobiles and aircraft utilize Faraday cages to protect signals from interference. Sensitive components may include wireless door locks, navigation/GPS systems, and lane departure warning systems. Faraday cages and shields are also critical to vehicle infotainment systems (e.g. radio, Wi-Fi, and GPS display units), which may be designed with the capability to function as critical circuits in emergency situations.
• A booster bag (shopping bag lined with aluminium foil) acts as a Faraday cage. It is often used by shoplifters to steal RFID-tagged items.
  • Similar containers are used to resist RFID skimming.
• Elevators and other rooms with metallic conducting frames and walls simulate a Faraday cage effect, leading to a loss of signal and "dead zones" for users of cellular phones, radios, and other electronic devices that require external electromagnetic signals. During training, firefighters, and other first responders are cautioned that their two-way radios will probably not work inside elevators and to make allowances for that. Small, physical Faraday cages are used by electronics engineers during equipment testing to simulate such an environment to make sure that the device gracefully handles these conditions.
• Properly designed conductive clothing can also form a protective Faraday cage. Some electrical linemen wear Faraday suits, which allow them to work on live, high-voltage power lines without risk of electrocution. The suit prevents electric current from flowing through the body, and has no theoretical voltage limit. Linemen have successfully worked even the highest voltage (Kazakhstan's Ekibastuz–Kokshetau line 1150 kV) lines safely.
• Austin Richards, a physicist in California, created a metal Faraday suit in 1997 that protects him from tesla coil discharges. In 1998, he named the character in the suit Doctor MegaVolt and has performed all over the world and at Burning Man nine different years.
• The scan room of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine is designed as a Faraday cage. This prevents external RF (radio frequency) signals from being added to data collected from the patient, which would affect the resulting image. Technologists are trained to identify the characteristic artifacts created on images should the Faraday cage be damaged, such as during a thunderstorm.
• A microwave oven utilizes a partial Faraday shield (on five of its interior's six sides) and a partial Faraday cage, consisting of a wire mesh, on the sixth side (the transparent window), to contain the electromagnetic energy within the oven and to protect the user from exposure to microwave radiation.
• Plastic bags that are impregnated with metal are used to enclose electronic toll collection devices whenever tolls should not be charged to those devices, such as during transit or when the user is paying cash.
• The shield of a screened cable, such as USB cables or the coaxial cable used for cable television, protects the internal conductors from external electrical noise and prevents the RF signals from leaking out.
• Electronic components in some music instruments, such as in an electric guitar, are protected by faraday cages made from copper or aluminum foils which protect the instrument's electromagnetic pickups from interference from speakers, amplifiers, stage lights, and other musical equipment.
• Some buildings, such as prisons, are constructed as a faraday cage because they have reasons to block both incoming and outgoing cellphone calls by prisoners.

See also

• Anechoic chamber
• Anti-static bag
• Conductive textile
• Foil hat
• Gauss's law
• Mobile phone jammer
• Mu-metal
• Mylar blanket
• Tesla coil
• Van de Graaff generator

External links

• Faraday Cage Protects from 100,000 V :: Physikshow Uni Bonn
• Notes from physics lecture on Faraday cages from Michigan State University
• Top Gear's Richard Hammond is protected from 600,000 V by a car (a Faraday Cage).