烏雞油菌
烏雞油菌(學名:Polyozellus multiplex),又名烏茸菌或烏舞茸,是一種革菌科真菌。它們是單型的,即屬內只有它們一個物種。它的孢子臺形狀獨特,藍紫色的傘狀帽像是一束束的,底部皺褶至蕈柄。
烏雞油菌 | |
---|---|
科學分類 | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
門: | 擔子菌門 Basidiomycota |
綱: | 傘菌綱 Agaricomycetes |
目: | 革菌目 Thelephorales |
科: | 革菌科 Thelephoraceae |
屬: | 烏茸菌屬 Polyozellus |
種: | 烏雞油菌 P. multiplex
|
二名法 | |
Polyozellus multiplex (Underw.) Murrill
| |
異名 | |
|
烏雞油菌 | |
---|---|
真菌形態特徵 | |
子實層上有脊狀構造 | |
蕈傘為漏斗狀 | |
子實層連接方式無規律或無適當分類 | |
裸露蕈柄 | |
孢印白色 | |
菌根真菌 | |
可食用 |
烏雞油菌的分類曾有多次改動,不論是在科或屬的層級。它們的生長地包括北美洲及東亞的溫帶針葉林。它們是可食用菌,現今也有栽種作商業用途。烏雞油菌內含生物活性的polyozellin,可以用來抑制胃癌。
歷史及分類
烏雞油菌最初是於1899年由Lucien M. Underwood所描述。他將之分類為雞油菌屬中的新物種,但指它有可能是屬於另一屬。[1]於1910年,William Murrill認為烏雞油菌的蕈柄結構獨特,並將之分類在全新的Polyozellus屬中。[2]於1920年,Curtis Gates Lloyd從日本獲得的烏雞油菌標本看為另一新物種,並命名為Phyllocarbon yasudai。[3]
但是後來要到1937年在加拿大魁北克才再發現烏雞油菌的標本。[4]翌年,Paul Shope認為Polyozellus一屬是多餘的,並指烏雞油菌的孢子臺與喇叭菌屬的不謀而合。[5]於1939年,Lee Overholts指前兩名學者都忽略了Calvin Kauffman於1925年就從洛磯山脈及喀斯喀特山脈採集回來的標本的研究。[6]Calvin Kauffman相信烏雞油菌其實是生長在極端環境的陀螺菌,所以並不贊同將之分類在喇叭菌屬中。[7]Alexander H. Smith及Elizabeth Morse於1947年將烏雞油菌分類在雞油菌屬下新的Polyozellus組中,但仍指出它們有獨特於此屬的孢子。[8]
1953年,今関六也發現烏雞油菌的孢子呈亞球形及有結節,是其他雞油菌屬所沒有的。而這種特徵卻在革菌科中非常普遍,加上烏雞油菌本身也像其他革菌科般呈深色、帶有強烈的氣味及含有革菌酸,所以他建議將烏雞油菌分類在新的Phylacteriaceae科中。[9]但這建議卻未得到學界的接受,例如川村清一於1954年就將之分類在革菌屬中。[10]
於2009年,真菌索引(Index Fungorum)[11]及MycoBank[12]都將烏雞油菌列在革菌科下。[13]屬名的希臘文意思是「很多分枝」[14];種小名則指「很多塊」,是參照其複雜的子實體結構而取的。[15]
特徵
烏雞油菌是一種雞油菌。[14]子實體呈扇或漏斗狀,在地上一束的生長,一束的直徑可以達1米[5][8],平均則有30厘米。[16]
個別的傘狀帽長闊各有3-5厘米,呈紫黑色,邊緣白色及藍綠色。[1]表面有多個同心的環狀絨毛,邊緣有一層纖細絨毛,帽散開及成波浪狀。底面有子實層,子實層呈薄而密的皺褶,一般呈與表面相同或較淡的顏色。[17]在不同的位點也有發現不同的顏色,例如在阿拉斯加的烏雞油菌都是呈烏黑色的,而底部呈深灰色。[18]
子實體可以高15厘米及闊10厘米。蕈柄呈深紫黑色,表面光滑無毛,且與基部融合。蕈柄闊1.5-2厘米及長達5厘米。菌髓呈深紫色,質感柔軟及易脆。孢子印是白色的。[19]
孢子接近球狀至橢圓形,表面有細小的結節覆蓋,大小約為6–8.5×5.5–8微米。[19]微觀下孢子是透明的,在氫氧化鉀下孢子會變為綠色。孢子並非澱粉質,所以在梅瑞氏染劑下不會轉變為藍色。囊狀體呈絲狀,闊3-4微米,長28-40微米。菌蓋皮層是由菌絲組床,在氫氧化鉀下會轉變為橄欖綠色。它們有扣子體,但並非所有隔膜也有。[20]孢子臺的大小為32–38×5–6微米,有四個孢子。[8]
相似物種
灰喇叭菌也像烏雞油菌般有黑色的子實體及光滑的子實層,但其肉較薄,子實體呈柱狀及灰至黑色。芳香喇叭菌傾向一束生長,但卻是呈橙色而不是藍色的。[21]釘菇的形狀及形態很像烏雞油菌,但肉質較厚,且是呈淺紫色至粉紅色。[13]
生長地及分佈
烏雞油菌是外生根菌的,即菌絲與植物的根部共生,而菌絲一般不會穿透根部細胞。[22][23]烏雞油菌生長在雲杉屬及冷杉屬的針葉林[24],尤其是在較高的海拔。[25]它們很多時都於夏天及冬天生長。[20]
烏雞油菌分佈在北部及山區,較少會見到。在美國緬因州、俄勒岡州、科羅拉多州及阿拉斯加、加拿大魁北克省及英屬哥倫比亞[4][8][26]、中國[27]、日本及韓國。[28]其他真菌也有類似零散的分佈。[29]烏雞油菌也有在夏洛特皇后群島培植作商業用途。[30]
用途
食用
烏雞油菌是可以食用的[31],在亞洲各國如韓國、日本及中國都有出售。[27]在北美洲,有時會採集它們作為娛樂[32]及商業而用途。[33]烏雞油菌的味道一般,帶有香味。[34]David Arora指它們的味道不及Craterellus。[17]子實體可以風乾保存。[24]
生物活性物質
烏雞油菌可以分解出polyozellin,能抑制阿爾茨海默氏病中處理蛋白質的脯氨酰內肽酶。所以科學家都希望透過研究這些物質來發展治療方法。[35]從烏雞油菌的抽取物中發現有類似polyozellin二苯並呋喃的衍生物,包括kynapcin-12[36]、-13、-28[37]、及-24。[38]
抗腫瘤
烏雞油菌的描取物具有壓抑胃癌的效用。[27][39]只要吃低濃度(約0.5-1%)的烏雞油菌抽取物,就可以促進穀胱甘肽轉硫酶及超氧化物歧化酶的活性,且可以增加穀胱甘肽的份量。這些抽取物也可以擴大腫瘤蛋白53的基因表現。腫瘤蛋白53是一種重要的抑癌基因,可以保護基因組免受破壞。[27]polyozellin也具有抗癌的特性。[40][41]
參看
參考
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Underwood LM. A new Cantharellus from Maine. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 1899, 26 (5): 254–5 [2009-11-18]. doi:10.2307/2477751. (原始內容存檔於2019-08-20).
- ^ Murrill WA. Chanterel. North American Flora. 1910, 9: 167–71.
- ^ Lloyd CG. Botanical notes. Mycological Writings. 1921, 6: 1066.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Mounce I, Jackson HAC. Two Canadian collections of Cantharellus multiplex. Mycologia. 1937, 29 (3): 286–8. doi:10.2307/3754283.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Shope PF. Further notes on Cantharellus multiplex. Mycologia. 1938, 30 (4): 372–4. doi:10.2307/3754462.
- ^ Kauffman C. The fungus flora of Mt Hood, with some new species. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. 1925, 5: 115–48.
- ^ Overholts LM. Cantharellus multiplex again. Mycologia. 1939, 31 (2): 231, 233. doi:10.2307/3754572.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Smith AH, Morse EE. The genus Cantharellus in the Western United States. Mycologia. 1947, 39 (5): 497–534. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.2307/3755192.
- ^ Sawada M. Studies on pigment in fungi (I). On the distribution of thelephoric acid in fungi. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society. 1952, 34: 110–3.
- ^ Kawamura S. Icones of Japanese Fungi. Vol. 6. Tokyo: Kazama-Shobo. 1954: 638.
- ^ Index Fungorum - genus record. CABI. [2009-09-02]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- ^ Stalpers J. (Curator). MycoBank: genus Polyozellus Murrill 1910. International Mycological Association. 03-09-2009 [2009-09-02]. (原始內容存檔於2011-09-30).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Pilz D, Norvell L, Danell E, Molina R. Ecology and management of commercially harvested chanterelle mushrooms. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-576 (PDF). Portland, OR: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 2003 [2009-09-23]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-11-26).
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Homola RL. Cantharelloid fungi of Maine. Maine Naturalist. 1993, 1 (2): 5–12. doi:10.2307/3858219.
- ^ Weber NS, Smith AH. The Mushroom Hunter's Field Guide. Ann Arbor, Mich: University of Michigan Press. 1980: 60. ISBN 0-472-85610-3.
- ^ McKnight VB, McKnight KH. A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1987: 77. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 Arora D. Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. 1986: 668. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.
- ^ Arora D. All that the Rain Promises and more: a Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. 1991: 12. ISBN 0-89815-388-3.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Kuo M. Polyozellus multiplex: The blue chanterelle. MushroomExpert.com. 2003 [2009-08-23]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-10).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Bigelo HE. The cantharelloid fungi of New England and adjacent areas. Mycologia. 1978, 70 (4): 707–56. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.2307/3759354.
- ^ Sundberg W, Bessette A. Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (Macmillan Field Guides). New York: Collier Books. 1987: 52. ISBN 0-02-063690-3.
- ^ Stamets P. Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. 2005: 34. ISBN 1-58008-579-2.
- ^ Lee S-S, Kim D-H, Chung H-C. Ectomycorrhizal roots collected from the bases of the four edible basidiocarps around Mt. Wol-Ak. Mycobiology. 2000, 28 (1): 27–32.
- ^ 24.0 24.1 Bessette A, Fischer DH. Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: a Field-to-Kitchen Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1992: 31. ISBN 0-292-72080-7.
- ^ Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE. The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 1987: 31. ISBN 0-295-96480-4.
- ^ Pomerleau R, Cooke WB. The cantharelloid fungi of New England and adjacent areas. Mycologia. 1978, 70 (4): 707–56. doi:10.2307/3759354.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Lee IS, Nishikawa A. Polyozellus multiplex, a Korean wild mushroom, as a potent chemopreventive agent against stomach cancer. Life Sciences. 2003, 73 (25): 3225–34 [2009-07-05]. PMID 14561527. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.06.006. (原始內容存檔於2018-06-11).
- ^ Imazeki R. Polyozellus multiplex and the family Phylacteriaceae. Mycologia. 1953, 45 (4): 555–61.
- ^ Yang ZL. Diversity and Biogeography of Higher Fungi in China. Xu J (編). Evolutionary Generics of Fungi. Norfolk, U.K.: Horizon Bioscience. 2005: 35–61. ISBN 978-1-904933-15-1.
- ^ Kroeger P, Ceska O, Roberts C, Kendrick B. Fungi of Haida Gwaii. E-Flora BC. 2007 [2009-07-07]. (原始內容存檔於2014-06-07).
- ^ Miller HR, Miller OK. North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. 2006: 323. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5.[失效連結]
- ^ Castellano MA, O'Dell T. Management Recommendations for Survey and Management. Fungi. U.S. Dept. of Management. Bureau of Land Management. 1997 [2009-08-23]. (原始內容存檔於2020-10-30).
- ^ Berch SM, Cocksedge W. Commercially important wild mushrooms and fungi of British Columbia: what the buyers are buying. Technical Report 006 (PDF). Victoria, Britih Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Forests Science Program. 2003: 1, 5 [2009-11-18]. ISBN 0-7726-4932-4. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2016-12-20).
- ^ Tylukti EE. Mushrooms of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest Vol 2. Non-gilled Hymenomycetes. Moscow, Idaho: The University of Idaho Press. 1987: 64–65. ISBN 0-89301-097-9.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Hwang JS, Song KS, Kim WG, Lee TH, Koshino H, Yoo ID. Polyozellin, a new inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase from Polyozellus multiplex. The Journal of Antibiotics. 1997, 50 (9): 773–7 [2009-07-05]. PMID 9360624.
- ^ Lee HJ, Rhee IK, Lee KB, Yoo ID, Song KS. Kynapcin-12, a new p-terphenyl derivative from Polyozellus multiplex, inhibits prolyl endopeptidase. The Journal of Antibiotics. 2000, 53 (7): 714–9. PMID 10994814.
- ^ Kim SI, Park IH, Song KS. kynapcin-13 and -28, new benzofuran prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors from Polyozellus multiplex. The Journal of Antibiotics. 2002, 55 (7): 623–8. PMID 12243451.
- ^ Song KS, Raskin I. A prolyl endopeptidase-inhibiting benzofuran dimer from Polyozellus multiflex. Journal of Natural Products. 2002, 65 (1): 76–8. doi:10.1021/np010194b.
- ^ Lull C, Wichers HJ, Savelkoul HF. Antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties of fungal metabolites. Mediators of Inflammation. 2005, 2005 (2): 63–80 [2009-07-05]. PMC 1160565 . PMID 16030389. doi:10.1155/MI.2005.63.
- ^ Kim JH, Lee JS, Song KS, Kwon CS, Kim YK, Kim JS. Polyozellin isolated from Polyozellus multiplex induces phase 2 enzymes in mouse hepatoma cells and differentiation in human myeloid leukaemic cell lines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2004, 52 (3): 451–5. PMID 14759131. doi:10.1021/jf034748n.
- ^ Jin XY, Lee SH, Kim JY, Zhao YZ, Park EJ, Lee BS, Nan JX, Song KS, Ko G, Sohn DH. Polyozellin inhibits nitric oxide production by down-regulating LPS-induced activity of NF-κB and SAPK/JNK in RAW 264.7 cells. Planta Medica. 2006, 72 (9): 857–9. PMID 16783701. doi:10.1055/s-2006-946640.