基本性質
對
A
∈
C
m
×
n
{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {C} ^{m\times n}}
、
i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
min
{
m
,
n
}
{\displaystyle i=1,2,\ldots ,\min\{m,n\}}
。
應用特徵值的最小-最大定理。這裡
U
:
dim
(
U
)
=
i
{\displaystyle U:\dim(U)=i}
是
C
n
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} ^{n}}
的i 維子空間。
σ
i
(
A
)
=
min
dim
(
U
)
=
n
−
i
+
1
max
x
∈
U
‖
x
‖
2
=
1
‖
A
x
‖
2
.
σ
i
(
A
)
=
max
dim
(
U
)
=
i
min
x
∈
U
‖
x
‖
2
=
1
‖
A
x
‖
2
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sigma _{i}(A)&=\min _{\dim(U)=n-i+1}\max _{\underset {\|x\|_{2}=1}{x\in U}}\left\|Ax\right\|_{2}.\\\sigma _{i}(A)&=\max _{\dim(U)=i}\min _{\underset {\|x\|_{2}=1}{x\in U}}\left\|Ax\right\|_{2}.\end{aligned}}}
矩陣轉置和共軛不會改變奇異值。
σ
i
(
A
)
=
σ
i
(
A
T
)
=
σ
i
(
A
∗
)
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}(A)=\sigma _{i}\left(A^{\textsf {T}}\right)=\sigma _{i}\left(A^{*}\right).}
對任意酉矩陣
U
∈
C
m
×
m
,
V
∈
C
n
×
n
{\displaystyle U\in \mathbb {C} ^{m\times m},V\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}
σ
i
(
A
)
=
σ
i
(
U
A
V
)
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}(A)=\sigma _{i}(UAV).}
與特徵值的關係:
σ
i
2
(
A
)
=
λ
i
(
A
A
∗
)
=
λ
i
(
A
∗
A
)
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i}^{2}(A)=\lambda _{i}\left(AA^{*}\right)=\lambda _{i}\left(A^{*}A\right).}
與跡 的關係:
∑
i
=
1
n
σ
i
2
=
tr
A
∗
A
{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}\sigma _{i}^{2}={\text{tr}}\ A^{\ast }A}
.
若
A
⊤
A
{\displaystyle A^{\top }A}
滿秩,則奇異值的積是
det
A
⊤
A
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\det A^{\top }A}}}
。
若
A
A
⊤
{\displaystyle AA^{\top }}
滿秩,則奇異值的積是
det
A
A
⊤
{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\det AA^{\top }}}}
。
若A 滿秩,則奇異值的積是
|
det
A
|
{\displaystyle |\det A|}
。
關於奇異值的不等式
另見[ 1]
子矩陣的奇異值
對
A
∈
C
m
×
n
{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {C} ^{m\times n}}
,
令B 表示刪除了某一行或某一列的A 。則
σ
i
+
1
(
A
)
≤
σ
i
(
B
)
≤
σ
i
(
A
)
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i+1}(A)\leq \sigma _{i}(B)\leq \sigma _{i}(A)}
令B 表示刪除了某一行和某一列的A 。則
σ
i
+
2
(
A
)
≤
σ
i
(
B
)
≤
σ
i
(
A
)
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i+2}(A)\leq \sigma _{i}(B)\leq \sigma _{i}(A)}
令B 表示A 的
(
m
−
k
)
×
(
n
−
l
)
{\displaystyle (m-k)\times (n-l)}
子矩陣,則
σ
i
+
k
+
l
(
A
)
≤
σ
i
(
B
)
≤
σ
i
(
A
)
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i+k+l}(A)\leq \sigma _{i}(B)\leq \sigma _{i}(A)}
A + B 的奇異值
對
A
,
B
∈
C
m
×
n
{\displaystyle A,B\in \mathbb {C} ^{m\times n}}
∑
i
=
1
k
σ
i
(
A
+
B
)
≤
∑
i
=
1
k
(
σ
i
(
A
)
+
σ
i
(
B
)
)
,
k
=
min
{
m
,
n
}
{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}(A+B)\leq \sum _{i=1}^{k}(\sigma _{i}(A)+\sigma _{i}(B)),\quad k=\min\{m,n\}}
σ
i
+
j
−
1
(
A
+
B
)
≤
σ
i
(
A
)
+
σ
j
(
B
)
.
i
,
j
∈
N
,
i
+
j
−
1
≤
min
{
m
,
n
}
{\displaystyle \sigma _{i+j-1}(A+B)\leq \sigma _{i}(A)+\sigma _{j}(B).\quad i,j\in \mathbb {N} ,\ i+j-1\leq \min\{m,n\}}
AB 的奇異值
對
A
,
B
∈
C
n
×
n
{\displaystyle A,B\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}
∏
i
=
n
i
=
n
−
k
+
1
σ
i
(
A
)
σ
i
(
B
)
≤
∏
i
=
n
i
=
n
−
k
+
1
σ
i
(
A
B
)
∏
i
=
1
k
σ
i
(
A
B
)
≤
∏
i
=
1
k
σ
i
(
A
)
σ
i
(
B
)
,
∑
i
=
1
k
σ
i
p
(
A
B
)
≤
∑
i
=
1
k
σ
i
p
(
A
)
σ
i
p
(
B
)
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\prod _{i=n}^{i=n-k+1}\sigma _{i}(A)\sigma _{i}(B)&\leq \prod _{i=n}^{i=n-k+1}\sigma _{i}(AB)\\\prod _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}(AB)&\leq \prod _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}(A)\sigma _{i}(B),\\\sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{p}(AB)&\leq \sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{p}(A)\sigma _{i}^{p}(B),\end{aligned}}}
σ
n
(
A
)
σ
i
(
B
)
≤
σ
i
(
A
B
)
≤
σ
1
(
A
)
σ
i
(
B
)
i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{n}(A)\sigma _{i}(B)\leq \sigma _{i}(AB)\leq \sigma _{1}(A)\sigma _{i}(B)\quad i=1,2,\ldots ,n.}
對
A
,
B
∈
C
m
×
n
{\displaystyle A,B\in \mathbb {C} ^{m\times n}}
[ 2]
2
σ
i
(
A
B
∗
)
≤
σ
i
(
A
∗
A
+
B
∗
B
)
,
i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
.
{\displaystyle 2\sigma _{i}(AB^{*})\leq \sigma _{i}\left(A^{*}A+B^{*}B\right),\quad i=1,2,\ldots ,n.}
奇異值與特徵值
對
A
∈
C
n
×
n
{\displaystyle A\in \mathbb {C} ^{n\times n}}
.
見[ 3]
λ
i
(
A
+
A
∗
)
≤
2
σ
i
(
A
)
,
i
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
.
{\displaystyle \lambda _{i}\left(A+A^{*}\right)\leq 2\sigma _{i}(A),\quad i=1,2,\ldots ,n.}
假設
|
λ
1
(
A
)
|
≥
⋯
≥
|
λ
n
(
A
)
|
{\displaystyle \left|\lambda _{1}(A)\right|\geq \cdots \geq \left|\lambda _{n}(A)\right|}
,則對
k
=
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
{\displaystyle k=1,2,\ldots ,n}
:
外爾定理
∏
i
=
1
k
|
λ
i
(
A
)
|
≤
∏
i
=
1
k
σ
i
(
A
)
.
{\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{k}\left|\lambda _{i}(A)\right|\leq \prod _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}(A).}
對
p
>
0
{\displaystyle p>0}
。
∑
i
=
1
k
|
λ
i
p
(
A
)
|
≤
∑
i
=
1
k
σ
i
p
(
A
)
.
{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{k}\left|\lambda _{i}^{p}(A)\right|\leq \sum _{i=1}^{k}\sigma _{i}^{p}(A).}
歷史
奇異值這一概念由埃哈德·施密特 (1907)提出,當時稱奇異值為「特徵值」。「奇異值」的名稱由史密斯於1937年首次使用。1957年,Allahverdiev證明了第n 個奇異值的如下特徵:[ 4]
σ
n
(
T
)
=
inf
{
‖
T
−
L
‖
:
L
的秩
<
n
}
.
{\displaystyle \sigma _{n}(T)=\inf {\big \{}\,\|T-L\|:L{\text{的秩}}<n\,{\big \}}.}
這種表述使奇異值概念可以推廣到巴拿赫空間 的算子。
注意還有更一般的s-數(s-number)概念,也包括蓋爾范德和柯爾莫哥洛夫寬。
另見
參考文獻
^ R. A. Horn and C. R. Johnson . Topics in Matrix Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991. Chap. 3
^ X. Zhan. Matrix Inequalities. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2002. p.28
^ R. Bhatia. Matrix Analysis. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997. Prop. III.5.1
^ I. C. Gohberg and M. G. Krein . Introduction to the Theory of Linear Non-selfadjoint Operators. American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I.,1969. Translated from the Russian by A. Feinstein. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, Vol. 18.