擴展適應
擴展適應(英語:exaptation)是指在演化過程中一種特徵的功能發生了變化。例如,如果一個特徵最初演化出來是為了實現某種特定的功能,但後來它又有了另一種其他用途,就可稱之為「擴展適應」。鳥類羽毛的演化便是一個經典的例子:羽毛最初是為了保溫而演化出來的,但在後來羽毛變得開始適應於飛翔。對擴展適應的興趣與進化的過程和產物都息息相關:創造複雜特徵的過程和可能不完善的產物(功能,解剖結構,生化試劑等等)[1][2] 。擴展適應是由美國古生物學家斯蒂芬·古爾德(Stephen Jay Gould)和伊麗莎白·弗巴(Elisabeth Vrba)提出的,以取代他們認為是目的論的術語「預適應」(英語:pre-adaptation)[3]。
歷史和定義
特徵的功能在其進化歷史中可能發生變化的想法起源於查爾斯·達爾文(Charles Darwin)((Darwin 1859))。 多年以來,這種現象被標記為「預適應」,但由於「預適應」這一術語隱含了生物學中的目的論,與自然選擇的基本原理相悖,故現已被「擴展適應」所取代[4]。
實例
擴展適應包括羽毛的共同選擇,羽毛最初是為用於保溫的和用於展示的功能而演化的,後來被用於鳥類的飛行。另一個例子則是早期魚類的肺,它們後來演化為陸生脊椎動物的肺,但同時還通過擴展適應成為了一些魚類體內用來調節浮力的器官——鰾。[7]
注釋
參考文獻
- ^ Bock, W.J. Preadaptation and multiple evolutionary pathways. Evolution. 1959, 13 (2): 194–211. JSTOR 2405873. doi:10.2307/2405873.
- ^ Hayden, Eric J.; Ferrada, Evandro; Wagner, Andreas. Cryptic genetic variation promotes rapid evolutionary adaptation in an RNA enzyme (PDF). Nature. 2 June 2011, 474 (7349): 92–95 [2020-06-13]. PMID 21637259. doi:10.1038/nature10083. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-08-06).
- ^ Gould & Vrba 1982.
- ^ Gould, S. J.; Vrba, E. S. Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology. 1982, 8 (1): 4–15. JSTOR 2400563.
- ^ Jacob, F. Evolution and tinkering. Science. 1977, 196 (4295): 1161–6. Bibcode:1977Sci...196.1161J. PMID 860134. doi:10.1126/science.860134.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst. The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Harvard University Press. 1982 [2020-06-13]. ISBN 978-0-674-36445-5. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-17).
- ^ Colleen Farmer. Did Lungs and the Intracardiac Shunt Evolve to Oxygenate the Heart in Vertebrates?. Paleobiology (Paleontological Society). 1997, 23 (3): 358–372. JSTOR 2401109.
資料來源
- (英文)Buss, David M., Martie G. Haselton, Todd K. Shackelford, et al. (1998) "Adaptations, Exaptations, and Spandrels," American Psychologist, 53 (May):533–548. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/comm/haselton/webdocs/spandrels.html (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- (英文)Darwin, Charles. On the origin and transitions of organic beings with peculiar habits and structure. On the Origin of Species 1st. London: John Murray. 1859: 179–186 [2020-06-13]. (原始內容存檔於2016-03-04).
- (英文)Darwin, Charles. Difficulties of the theory. The Origin of Species 6th. London: John Murray. 1872: 138–143 [2020-06-13]. (原始內容存檔於2020-08-06).
- (英文)Ehrlich, Paul, and Marcus Feldman (2003) "Genes and Culture: What Creates Our Behavioral Phenome?," Current Anthropology, 44 (February):87–107. Included are comments and a reply.
- (英文)Gould, Stephen Jay; Vrba, Elisabeth S. Exaptation — a missing term in the science of form (PDF). Paleobiology. 1982, 8 (1): 4–15 [2020-10-11]. JSTOR 2400563. doi:10.1017/S0094837300004310. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2018-05-08).
- (英文)Gould, Stephen Jay. Exaptation: A Crucial Tool for an Evolutionary Psychology. Journal of Social Issues. 1991, 47 (3): 43–65. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01822.x.
- (英文)MacDonald, G.; Leary, M.R. Why does social exclusion hurt? The relationship between social and physical pain. Psychological Bulletin. 2005, 131 (2): 202–23. PMID 15740417. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202.
- (英文)"Preadaptation" Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 22 January 2009 <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/preadaptation (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)>