洛洛·索托羅

洛洛·索托羅·曼古哈喬(英語:Lolo Soetoro Mangunharjo,1935年1月2日—1987年3月2日),是一位印尼地質學家工程師商人,為美國第44任總統巴拉克·歐巴馬的印尼藉父親。

洛洛·索托羅
Lolo Soetoro
出生洛洛·索托羅·曼古哈喬
(Lolo Soetoro Mangunharjo)

(1935-01-02)1935年1月2日
 荷屬東印度萬隆
逝世1987年3月2日(1987歲—03—02)(52歲)
 印度尼西亞雅加達
國籍 印度尼西亞
教育程度夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校
加查馬達大學
職業地質學家工程師商人
配偶安·鄧納姆(1965年結婚;1980年離婚)
厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜(Erna Kustina,1980年結婚;1987年結束)
兒女巴拉克·歐巴馬(母:安·鄧納姆
吳瑪雅(母:安·鄧納姆
優素福·阿吉·索托羅(Yusuf Aji Soetoro,母:厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜)
拉哈尤·努爾邁達·索托羅(Rahayu Nurmaida Soetoro;母:厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜)
父母馬蒂哈喬·索托羅(Martodihardjo Soetoro,父)
親屬Suhaila Ng(孫女)
Savita Ng(孫女)

生平

早年生活和學經歷

索托羅生於萬隆,他在家中排行第九,父親是採礦受僱員,並且擁有加查馬達大學的地理學學位。[1]

1962年,當時受僱於陸軍地形服務的索托羅獲得了美國東西方中心的助學金,並且利用該學金進入夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校的地理研究生就讀。[2]同年9月抵達美國夏威夷州檀香山,並於1964年獲得地理碩士學位。[3]

與鄧納姆的婚姻生活和其他經歷

索托羅在美國東西方中心相遇了安·鄧納姆,當時兩人都是夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校的研究生,因此兩人相識相戀,並於1965年結婚。[4][5]

1966年,索托羅返回印尼,並幫助當地政府繪製西巴布亞的地圖。而鄧納姆和兒子歐巴馬當時則選擇繼續留在檀香山[6][7][8]

1967年,索托羅定居於印尼的首都雅加達,妻子鄧納姆和兒子歐巴馬也隨之遷至該地點居住了下來,最初是在南雅加達Menteng Dalam村的簡陋灰泥紅磚房裡住了兩年半,並且索特羅也擁有了一輛日本機車[6]歐巴馬當時也在當地的門騰國立小學01英語State Elementary School Menteng 01讀了一年半。[9][10]

1970年,索托羅找到了一個新的工作,在聯合石油公司英語Unocal Corporation擔任政府關係[11],之後便搬到了北兩英里的一棟租房,將原本經常拋錨的日本機車出售並買了一台新車。

1970年,索托羅的女兒瑪雅·卡桑德拉·蘇埃托羅出生,取名為瑪雅,同時也是歐巴馬的同母異父的妹妹。[12][13]

1971年,歐巴馬印尼住了四年後,獨自一人回到美國夏威夷州。1972年,母親鄧納姆隨之帶著妹妹離開印尼返回夏威夷州,並於1974年獲得夏威夷大學馬諾阿分校研究生的人類學碩士,一年後帶著妹妹再次返回印尼,歐巴馬則繼續留在美國與祖父和祖母同居。

由於鄧納姆逐漸對印尼文化引起關注,而索托羅則相反對西方文化引起關注[4],而因這點不同的價值觀而發生衝突[14],最終於1980年離婚。[4]

索托羅後來與第二任妻子厄爾納·庫斯蒂娜(Erna Kustina)結婚,婚後育有一子一女。[15]

逝世

1987年3月2日索托羅因肝衰竭去世,享年52歲,之後他被埋葬在南雅加達的Tanah Kusir公墓。[12][16]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Habib, Ridlawn. Kalau ke Jogja, Barry bisa habiskan seekor ayam baceman [If traveling to Yogyakrta, Barry can eat one whole chicken]. 爪哇郵報英語Jawa Pos (Surabya). 2008-11-05 [2008-11-10]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-13) (印度尼西亞語).  Google Translate's English translation頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Lolo studied geography at Gadjah Mada University and got a scholarship from the Indonesian Army Topographic Service. After working for the Indonesian Army Topographic Service, he worked for an American oil company, Unocal [Union Oil Company].
  2. ^ For the record: President Obama's East-West Center connections (PDF). East-West Center Press Kit. Honolulu: East-West Center. 2009-09-11 [2011-02-06]. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-03-15). Obama's stepfather, Lolo Soetoro, was an East–West Center graduate degree fellow (M.A. in geography) from 1962–64, before he married Obama's mother. 
  3. ^ Wester, Lyndon. History of the Department. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Department of Geography. 2010-10-13 [2011-02-06]. (原始內容存檔於2017-06-07). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Ripley, Amanda. The story of Barack Obama's mother. time.com. 2008-04-09 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2008-04-12). 
  5. ^ Solomon, Deborah. Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the family. The New York Times Magazine. 2008-01-20: 17 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2009-02-12). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Obama (1995, 2004), p. 43: He was working for the army as a geologist [sic], surveying roads and tunnels, when she arrived. It was mind-numbing work that didn't pay very much …
  7. ^ Scott, Janny. A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama's path. The New York Times. 2008-03-14: A1 [2011-04-20]. (原始內容存檔於2019-04-12). he was summoned home in 1966 … 
  8. ^ Maraniss, David. Though Obama had to leave to find himself, it is Hawaii that made his rise possible. washingtonpost.com. 2008-08-22 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2019-09-01). Lolo was off working for Union Oil … He had been summoned back to his country from Hawaii in 1966 and sent to work in New Guinea for a year … 
    Kenyan student wins fellowship. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 1962-06-20: 7. 
    Griffin, John. First UH African graduate gives view on E-W Center. The Honolulu Advertiser. 1962-06-22: B?. 
  9. ^ Hoover, Will. Obama slept here. The Honolulu Advertiser. 2008-11-08: A1 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2011-04-02). 
    Dingeman, Robbie. Obama childhood locales attracting more tourists. The Honolulu Advertiser. 2008-12-03: A1 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-12). 
  10. ^ Essoyan, Susan. A woman of the people; a symposium recalls the efforts of Stanley Ann Dunham to aid the poor. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 2008-09-13 [2011-04-20]. (原始內容存檔於2008-10-06). Dunham earned her bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of Hawaii. 
    Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey. Ann Dunham: a personal reflection. Anthropology News. November 2008, 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20.  reprinted by:
    Dewey, Alice; White, Geoffrey. Ann Dunham: a personal reflection. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Department of Anthropology. 2009-03-09 [2011-01-13]. (原始內容存檔於10 June 2010). 
    Dunham (2009), p. 376: "S. Ann Dunham (1942–95), mother of President Barack Obama and Maya Soetoro-ng, earned her undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees, all in anthropology, from the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa."
  11. ^ Sheridan, Michael; Baxter, Sarah. Secrets of Obama family unlocked. The Sunday Times (London). 2007-01-28: 25 [2009-08-27]. Soetoro became a government relations consultant with a big US oil company.  reprinted Archive.is存檔,存檔日期29 January 2013 on 2007-02-01 by The Muslim Observer
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg. The Obama family tree (PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. 2007-09-09: 2B [2008-06-21]. (原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2008-06-25). 
  13. ^ Jones, Bart; Lefkowitz, Melanie; Henderson, Nia-Malika; Evans, Martin C. Timeline: Obama through the years. Newsday (Melville, N.Y.). 2008-11-08 [2008-11-09]. (原始內容存檔於2018-09-20). 
  14. ^ Obama (1998, 2004), pp. 44–47.
    Maraniss (2012), pp. 242–243.
  15. ^ Habib, Ridlwan. Keluarga besar Lolo Soetoro, kerabat dekat calon Presiden Amerika di Jakarta (Lolo Soetoro's extended family in Jakarta, close relatives to American Presidential nominee). 爪哇郵報英語Jawa Pos (Surabya). 2008-11-06 [2008-11-10]. (原始內容存檔於2016-06-24) (印度尼西亞語). Google Translate's English translation頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館
  16. ^ Fornek, Scott. Lolo Soetoro; 'A piece of tiger meat'. Chicago Sun-Times. 2007-09-09 [2008-06-17]. (原始內容存檔於2011-07-16).