良心拒服兵役者
因思想自由、個人良心或宗教信仰等道義理由，要求拒服兵役者
良心拒服兵役者（英語：conscientious objector）或稱良心的兵役拒否者，是指由於思想自由，個人良心或者宗教信仰等的道義理由[1]，而要求拒絕履行軍事服務權利的個人[2]。通常來講，良心拒服兵役者這一情況只會存在於徵兵制中，而非志願兵役制中。
在一些國家，良心拒服兵役者會被分配到一個用做替代兵役的民事服務中。一些良心拒服兵役者視其自身為和平主義者、不干涉主義者、不抵抗主義者、不侵犯主義者、反軍事主義者。世界各地的許多組織在5月15日慶祝這一原則，稱其為國際良心拒服兵役日。[3]
在1995年3月8日，聯合國人權委員會通過的1995/83決議聲明「履行軍事服務的人員不應該排除其因為良心而拒絕軍事服務的權利」[4]。這一理念在1998年被重申，1998/77決議承認「（已經）在服兵役的人員可以產生出良心的拒絕想法」[5][6][7][8]。一些組織則在5月15日慶祝國際良心拒服兵役者日[9]。這一詞的含義也被延伸至因良心不安而拒絕為整個軍事工業複合體服務的人[10]。
參考資料
- ^ On July 30, 2001, explicit clarification of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Article 18 was made in the United Nations Human Rights Committee general comment 22, Para. 11: Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. Framework for communications. Conscientious Objection. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. [2012-05-07]. （原始內容存檔於2017-09-26）.
- ^ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. [2008-05-15]. （原始內容存檔於2020-01-02）.
- ^ Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection. [2024-07-03]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-25）.
- ^ UN Commission on Human Rights. UN Commission on Human Rights, Conscientious objection to military service., 8 March 1995, E/CN.4/RES/1995/83 (See point #2). UN Commission on Human Rights. 1995-03-08 [2009-12-02]. （原始內容存檔於2019-05-03）.
- ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Conscientious objection to military service; Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77; see preamble "Aware...". United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998-04-22 [2009-12-08]. （原始內容存檔於2018-11-19）.
- ^ Conscientious objection to military service; E/CN.4/RES/1998/77; See introductory paragraph. UN Commission on Human Rights. 1998-04-22 [2009-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2011-04-09）.
- ^ Conscientious objection to military service, Commission on Human Rights resolution 1998/77, Navigation to document: press "next" four times, see bottom listing, and at the right choose letter for language ("E" for English) Document: CHR 54th 4/22/1998E/CN.4/RES/1998/77. United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1998 [2008-04-24]. （原始內容存檔於2011-09-27）.
- ^ D. CHRISTOPHER DECKER; AND LUCIA FRESA. THE STATUS OF CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION UNDER ARTICLE 4 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS, 33 N.Y.U. J. INT'L L. & POL. 379 (2000); See pages 412–424, (or PDF pages 34–36) (PDF). New York University School of Law, Issues – Volume 33. 2001-03-29 [2009-12-02]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-11-22）.
- ^ Campaigns: International Day on Conscientious Objection. [2014-05-10]. （原始內容存檔於2014-06-25）.
- ^ Confessions of a Military Industrial Complex Conscientious Objector. OpEdNews. [2020-09-08]. （原始內容存檔於2021-04-28） （英語）.