護世者
印度教
在印度教中,各方向的護世者被稱為方位守護者。四位主要守護者是:
佛教
在佛教中,護世四天王是一種護法。而在中國民間,四天王成為了確保風調雨順的農業守護神。 祂們都有各自的法寶、裝束很容易辨識。[1]
在藏傳佛教中,許多這些護世者是由西藏本土神、山神、惡魔、靈魂或鬼魂,在被蓮花生或其他法師降服後,誓言守護寺院、三寶、正道的具誓護法。
這些護世者被召喚出以幫助寺院或佛教修行者消除修行的障礙。但是,因為祂們未脫離輪迴,而不被崇拜或作為皈依對象。
參考
- ^ Welch, Patricia Bjaaland. Chinese Art: A Guide to Motifs and Visual Imagery. Vermont: Tuttle, 2008, p. 194.
- ^ Hua, Gold Mountain Shramana Tripitaka Master Hsuan; Bhikshuni Rev. Heng Chih; Bhikshuni Rev. Heng Hsien; David Rounds; Ron Epstein; et al. The Shurangama Sutra - Sutra Text and Supplements with Commentary by the Venerable Master Hsuan Hua - First Edition. Burlingame, California: Buddhist Text Translation Society. 2003. ISBN 0-88139-949-3. (原始內容存檔於2009-05-29)., Volume 6, Chapter 3: The Spiritual Shurangama Mantra, pp. 87-162, and Chapter 5, The Twelve Categories of Living Beings, pp. 177-191,
來源
- Kalsang, Ladrang (1996) The Guardian Deities of Tibet Delhi: Winsome Books. (Third Reprint 2003) ISBN 81-88043-04-4
- Linrothe, Rob (1999) Ruthless Compassion: Wrathful Deities in Early Indo-Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist Art London: Serindia Publications. ISBN 0-906026-51-2
- De Nebesky-Wojkowitz, Rene. (1956) Oracles and Demons of Tibet. Oxford University Press. Reprint Delhi: Books Faith, 1996 - ISBN 81-7303-039-1. Reprint Delhi: Paljor Publications, 2002- - ISBN 81-86230-12-2