1984年反錫克教騷亂
1984年反錫克教騷亂是印度總理英迪拉·甘地被錫克教保鏢刺殺後，印度全國範圍內發起的一系列針對錫克人的有組織的屠殺。[1][2][3][4][5][6]政府估計，在德里，就有約有 2,800 名錫克教徒被殺[3][7] ，全國範圍內有 3,350名錫克教徒被殺， [8][9]而其他消息來源估計死亡人數約為8,000-17,000人。[10][11][12][13]
一些印度國民大會黨籍官員被指與暴民合謀製造暴力事件，而司法部門未能嚴懲肇事者，這導致更多的錫克教徒開始支持卡利斯坦運動。 [14]永恆王座認為此次騷亂是一場種族滅絕。 [15][16][17] 印度中央調查局認為，德里警方和一些中央政府官員合謀策劃了此次騷亂。 [18]
2011年，人權觀察表示，印度政府「依然未起訴大屠殺的責任人」。[19]根據維基解密的說法，美國當局確信印度國民大會黨參與了騷亂，美國方面認為此次騷亂是印度國民大會黨控制下的印度政府對錫克教徒的復仇。 [20]儘管美國當局沒有將此次騷亂定性為種族滅絕，但美國當局承認在此次騷亂中許多人的人權受到嚴重侵犯。 [21]
2018年12月，印度國大黨領導人薩詹·庫馬爾被逮捕，並被德里高等法院判處終身監禁。 [22] 此外只有一名被告人因涉嫌在德里謀殺錫克教徒一而被判處死刑。 [23][24][25]
參考文獻
- ^ State pogroms glossed over.
- ^ Anti-Sikh riots a pogrom: Khushwant. Rediff.com. [23 September 2009]. （原始內容存檔於22 October 2018）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Bedi, Rahul. Indira Gandhi's death remembered. BBC. 1 November 2009 [2 November 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2 November 2009）.
The 25th anniversary of Indira Gandhi's assassination revives stark memories of some 3,000 Sikhs killed brutally in the orderly pogrom that followed her killing
- ^ Jeffrey M. Shaw; Timothy J. Demy. War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 27 March 2017: 129 [30 November 2018]. ISBN 978-1610695176. （原始內容存檔於26 April 2022）.
- ^ Paul R. Brass. Riots and Pogroms. NYU Press. October 1996: 203 [30 November 2018]. ISBN 978-0814712825. （原始內容存檔於30 October 2020）.
- ^ Kaur, Jaskaran; Crossette, Barbara. Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India (PDF) 2nd. Portland, OR: Ensaaf. 2006: 27 [4 November 2010]. ISBN 978-0-9787073-0-9. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於19 January 2012）.
- ^ What Delhi HC Order on 1984 Anti-Sikh Pogrom Says About 2002 Gujarat Riots. [31 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔於31 May 2019）.
- ^ Why Gujarat 2002 Finds Mention in 1984 Riots Court Order on Sajjan Kumar. [31 May 2019]. （原始內容存檔於31 May 2019）.
- ^ Joseph, Paul. The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives. SAGE. 11 October 2016: 433. ISBN 978-1483359885.
around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed
- ^ Nelson, Dean. Delhi to reopen inquiry in to massacre of Sikhs in 1984 riots. The Daily Telegraph (London). 30 January 2014 [3 May 2016]. （原始內容
存檔於12 January 2022）.
- ^ Jagdish Tytler's role in 1984 anti-Sikh riots to be re-investigated. NDTV.com. [3 May 2016]. （原始內容存檔於18 April 2022）.
- ^ Pillalamarri, Akhilesh. India's Anti-Sikh Riots, 30 Years On. The Diplomat. [3 May 2016]. （原始內容存檔於10 July 2022）.
- ^ Dead silence: the legacy of human rights abuses in Punjab. Human Rights Watch. May 1994: 10 [14 October 2016]. ISBN 978-1-56432-130-5. （原始內容存檔於28 April 2016）.
- ^ 1984 riots were 'Sikh genocide': Akal Takht – Hindustan Times. Hindustan Times. 14 July 2010 [17 July 2010]. （原始內容存檔於17 July 2010）.
- ^ 1984 anti-Sikh riots: Congress leader Jagdish Tytler gets anticipatory bail. livemint.com. 2023-08-05 [2024-02-24].
- ^ Bureau, The Hindu. Ex-Congress MP Sajjan Kumar acquitted in 1984 anti-Sikh riots case. The Hindu. 2023-09-20 [2024-02-24]. ISSN 0971-751X.
- ^ 1984 anti-Sikh riots backed by Govt, police: CBI. 18電視網集團. 23 April 2012 [27 April 2012]. （原始內容存檔於25 April 2012）.
- ^ World Report 2011: India (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 2011: 1–5 [13 February 2011]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於30 January 2011）.
- ^ US saw Cong hand in Sikh massacre, reveal Wiki leaks. 印度時報. 6 May 2011 [10 May 2011]. （原始內容存檔於25 November 2011）.
- ^ US refuses to declare 1984 anti-Sikh riots in India as genocide. Washington: CNN-IBN. Press Trust of India. 2 April 2013 [15 November 2013]. （原始內容存檔於6 April 2013）.
- ^ 1984 anti-Sikh riots: Sajjan Kumar convicted! HC reverses acquittal, hands life term to Congress leader. 17 December 2018 [17 December 2018]. （原始內容存檔於17 December 2018）.
- ^ The Tribune, Chandigarh, India : Latest news, India, Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal, Uttarakhand, J&K, sports, cricket. [24 November 2018]. （原始內容存檔於30 November 2018）.
- ^ Delhi court awards death penalty in 1984 anti-Sikh riots case: Chronology of events. India Today. 22 November 2018.
- ^ A first for SIT: Two convicted for 1984 killings. The Times of India. [17 December 2018]. （原始內容存檔於11 January 2019）.
