維基百科

佔領波羅的海國家

佔領波羅的海國家指的是1940年6月14日[1][2]，蘇聯根據蘇德互不侵犯條約軍事佔領波羅的海三國（愛沙尼亞、拉脫維亞、立陶宛）這一事件，隨後三國即被併吞並成為了蘇聯加盟共和國[3]。1941年6月22日，納粹德國展開巴巴羅薩行動攻擊蘇聯，在數周內佔領波羅的海國家。1941年7月，第三帝國成立東方總督轄區管理波羅的海地區。1944年波羅的海攻勢行動後，蘇軍重新佔領波羅的海地區，並將剩餘德軍圍困於庫爾蘭口袋中，直至其1945年5月正式投降[4]。蘇聯對波羅的海國家的佔領則一直維持至1991年8月波羅的海國家重獲獨立為止。蘇聯國務委員會在1991年9月6日正式承認三國獨立，並支持三國加入聯合國和歐盟。俄羅斯在1998年8月將其位於波羅的海國家的最後一個軍事基地移交拉脫維亞，並在1999年10月撤出所有駐紮在波羅的海國家的俄軍。

蘇聯佔領波羅的海國家
日期1940年6月14日－1991年9月6日
地點
波羅的海三國
結果 蘇聯紅軍進駐波羅的海三國，實行軍事佔領
領土變更 蘇聯兼併拉脫維亞，愛沙尼亞和立陶宛
參戰方

 愛沙尼亞
 拉脫維亞

 立陶宛		  蘇聯

波羅的海三國[5][6]、美國[7][8]及其法院[9]、歐洲議會[10][11][12]歐洲人權法院[13]以及聯合國人權理事會[14]均表明三國的權益在1939年蘇德互不侵犯條約受剝奪，先遭蘇聯入侵，再遭德國入侵，然後被蘇聯非法佔領及吞併[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]。各國和組織對蘇聯吞併的不承認政策，衍生出國體連續的原則，即三國雖然於1940年至1991年被非法佔領，在法理上仍然獨立[24][25][26]。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Taagepera, Rein. Estonia: return to independence. Westview Press. 1993: 58. ISBN 9780813311999. 
  2. ^ Ziemele, Ineta. State Continuity, Succession and Responsibility: Reparations to the Baltic States and their Peoples?. Baltic Yearbook of International Law (Martinus Nijhoff). 2003, 3: 165–190. 
  3. ^ Kavass, Igor I. Baltic States. W. S. Hein. 1972. The forcible military occupation and subsequent annexation of the Baltic States by the Soviet Union remains to this day (written in 1972) one of the serious unsolved issues of international law 
  4. ^ Davies, Norman. Dear, Ian , 編. The Oxford companion to World War II. Michael Richard Daniell Foot. Oxford University Press. 2001: 85. ISBN 9780198604464. 
  5. ^ The Occupation of Latvia 互聯網檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2007-11-23. at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
  6. ^ 22 September 1944 from one occupation to another. Estonian Embassy in Washington. 2008-09-22 [2009-05-01]. （原始內容存檔於2018-06-30）. For Estonia, World War II did not end, de facto, until 31 August 1994, with the final withdrawal of former Soviet troops from Estonian soil. 
  7. ^ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand; Gerard Pieter van den Berg, William B. Simons. Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. 1985: 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9. On March 26, 1949, the US Department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls. 
  8. ^ Fried, Daniel. U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship (PDF). June 14, 2007 [2009-04-29]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2012年8月19日）. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands. 
  9. ^ Lauterpacht, E.; C. J. Greenwood. International Law Reports. Cambridge University Press. 1967: 62–63. ISBN 0-521-46380-7. The Court said: (256 N.Y.S.2d 196) " The Government of the United States has never recognized the forceful occupation of Estonia and Latvia by the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics nor does it recognize the absorption and incorporation of Latvia and Estonia into the Union of Soviet Socialist republics. The legality of the acts, laws and decrees of the puppet regimes set up in those countries by the USSR is not recognized by the United States, diplomatic or consular officers are not maintained in either Estonia or Latvia and full recognition is given to the Legations of Estonia and Latvia established and maintained here by the Governments in exile of those countries 
  10. ^ Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by the European Parliament, B6-0215/2007, 21.5.2007; passed 24.5.2007 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  11. ^ Dehousse, Renaud. The International Practice of the European Communities: Current Survey. European Journal of International Law. 1993, 4 (1): 141 [2006-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2007-09-27）. 
  12. ^ European Parliament. Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Official Journal of the European Communities. C. January 13, 1983, 42/78 [2013-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-28）. 
  13. ^ European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States
  14. ^ Seventh session Agenda item 9 (PDF). United Nations, Human Rights Council, Mission to Estonia. 17 March 2008 [2009-05-01]. The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in 1939 assigned Estonia to the Soviet sphere of influence, prompting the beginning of the first Soviet occupation in 1940. After the German defeat in 1944, the second Soviet occupation started and Estonia became a Soviet republic. [永久失效連結]
  15. ^ Mälksoo, Lauri. Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR. Leiden – Boston: Brill. 2003. ISBN 90-411-2177-3. 
  16. ^ "The Soviet Red Army retook Estonia in 1944, occupying the country for nearly another half century." (Frucht, Richard, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2005 ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6, p. 132
  17. ^ Russia and Estonia agree borders. BBC. 18 May 2005 [April 29, 2009]. （原始內容存檔於2020-04-12）. Five decades of almost unbroken Soviet occupation of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ended in 1991 
  18. ^ Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） at UK Foreign Office
  19. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia ISBN 0-7166-0103-6
  20. ^ The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN 0-313-32355-0
  21. ^ Saburova, Irina. The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States. Russian Review (Blackwell Publishing). 1955, 14 (1): 36–49. JSTOR 126075. doi:10.2307/126075. 
  22. ^ See, for instance, position expressed by the European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." European Parliament. Resolution on the situation in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania. Official Journal of the European Communities. C. January 13, 1983, 42/78 [2013-08-11]. （原始內容存檔於2011-06-28）. 
  23. ^ "After the German occupation in 1941–44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991." KOLK AND KISLYIY v. ESTONIA, [1] (European Court of Human Rights 17 January 2006).
  24. ^ David James Smith, Estonia: independence and European integration, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-26728-5, pXIX
  25. ^ Parrott, Bruce. Reversing Soviet Military Occupation. State building and military power in Russia and the new states of Eurasia. M.E. Sharpe. 1995: 112–115. ISBN 1-56324-360-1. （原始內容存檔於2020-08-19）. 
  26. ^ Van Elsuwege, Peter. Russian-speaking minorities in Estonian and Latvia: Problems of integration at the threshold of the European Union (PDF). Flensburg Germany: European Centre for Minority Issues. April 2004: 2 [2013-08-11]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2015-09-23）. The forcible incorporation of the Baltic states into the Soviet Union in 1940, on the basis of secret protocols to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, is considered to be null and void. Even though the Soviet Union occupied these countries for a period of fifty years, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania continued to exist as subjects of international law. 

參見

擴展閱讀

  • Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941-1945", in Chris Murray (ed.), Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119, ISBN 978-1138612945
  • Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） – Full text, English
  • The Global Museum on Communism about the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
  • The Occupation museum of Latvia
  • GULAG 113 – Canadian film about Estonians mobilized into the Red Army 1941 and forced into labour in the GULAG
  • Soviet Aggression Against the Baltic States （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974. Full text
  • Situation in Soviet occupied Estonia in 1955–1956. Manivald Räästas, Eduard Õun. 1956.

媒體及學術文章

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