密克羅尼西亞翠鳥

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥學名Todiramphus cinnamominus)是關島波納佩帕勞的一種翠鳥。其下的亞種關島密克羅尼西亞翠鳥棕樹蛇的入侵而在野外滅絕,只可以飼養繁殖

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥
科學分類 編輯
界: 動物界 Animalia
門: 脊索動物門 Chordata
綱: 鳥綱 Aves
目: 佛法僧目 Coraciiformes
科: 翠鳥科 Alcedinidae
屬: 領翡翠屬 Todiramphus
種:
密克羅尼西亞翠鳥 T. cinnamominus
二名法
Todiramphus cinnamominus
(Swainson, 1821)

分類及特徵

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥有三個亞種,每一個限於單一島嶼上:

滅絕琉球翠鳥有時也會被分類成密克羅尼西亞翠鳥的亞種。[2]

這些亞種的分別主要在其主羽及體型大小上,帕勞的最為細小,而關島的則最大。[3]牠們的色彩鮮艷,長約20-24厘米,體型中等。牠們的背部呈虹藍色,頭部呈銹肉桂色。波納佩及帕勞的成鳥下身呈白色,幼鳥的下身卻是肉桂色。相反,關島的雄性成鳥下身卻是肉桂色,而雌鳥及幼鳥的下身是白色。所有亞種的喙都是側面扁平的,腳深色。

行為

 
布朗克斯動物園美國其中一個協助飼養繁殖密克羅尼西亞翠鳥的地方。

密克羅尼西亞翠鳥是生活在森林之中,傾向不怎麼露面。在波納佩,牠們會沿森林邊緣在電話線上覓食;在帕勞的則很不明顯。牠們只吃甲殼類。在關島,牠們的巢是在軟木樹中挖穴而成或進佔白蟻[4];在波納佩,牠們的巢則是進佔白蟻的。[5]牠們會保護自己的地盤。[6]雙親都會照顧雛鳥,一些波納佩的雛鳥會留在雙親身邊較長時間。[7]

保育狀況

兩個密克羅尼西亞翠鳥的亞種都面臨生存威脅。關島的被入侵的棕樹蛇滅絕[8],現時已被美國列為瀕危物種[9]牠們只有飼養的群落,為數少於100隻。現已有計劃將牠們重新引入到關島的保護區及森林中。[10]在波納佩的亞種於1983年至1994年間就下降了63%。[11]波納佩鳥類的下降原因不明。

參考

  1. ^ BirdLife International. Todiramphus cinnamominus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012. [26 November 2013]. 
  2. ^ Fry, C.H., K. Fry, A. Harris. Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1992. 
  3. ^ Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, and D.G. Berrett. The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1987. 
  4. ^ Marshall, S.D. Nest sites of the Micronesian Kingfisher on Guam. Wilson Bulletin. 1989, 101: 472–7. 
  5. ^ Kesler, D.C., and S.M. Haig. Selection of arboreal termitaria for nesting by cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers. Ibis. 2005, 147: 188–96. 
  6. ^ Kesler, D.C. Population demography, resource use, and movement in cooperatively breeding Micronesian Kingfishers. Corvallis, OR: Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University. 2006. 
  7. ^ Kesler, D.C. Nest site selection in cooperatively breeding Pohnpei Micronesian Kingfishers (Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii): Does nest-site abundance limit reproductive opportunities?. Corvallis, OR: M.S. thesis. Oregon State University. 2002. 
  8. ^ Savidge, J. A. Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake. Ecology. 1987, 68: 660–8. 
  9. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1984. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: determination of endangered status for seven birds and two bats on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. Federal Register 50 CFR Part 17 49(167), 33881-33885.
  10. ^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina).
  11. ^ Buden, D.W. A comparison of 1983 and 1994 bird surveys of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. Wilson Bulletin. 2000, 112: 403–10. 
  • Haig, S.M., and J.D. Ballou. 1995. Genetic diversity among two avian species formerly endemic to Guam. Auk 112: 445-455.
  • Haig, S.M., J.D. Ballou, and N.J. Casna. 1995. Genetic identification of kin in Micronesian Kingfishers. Journal of Heredity 86: 423-431.
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2004. Draft Revised Recovery Plan for the Sihek or Guam Micronesian Kingfisher (Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR.

外部連結