劍虻科
双翅目昆虫的一科
劍虻科（學名：Therevidae）是雙翅目食蟲虻總科下的一個科[1]，總計包括1,600個物種，其中大部分生活在沙質土壤的乾旱或半乾旱區域。其幼蟲在土壤中捕食昆蟲的幼蟲。
劍虻科
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| Thereva nobilitata | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 節肢動物門 Arthropoda |
| 綱： | 昆蟲綱 Insecta |
| 目： | 雙翅目 Diptera |
| 亞目： | 短角亞目 Brachycera |
| 總科： | 食蟲虻總科 Asiloidea |
| 科： | 劍虻科 Therevidae Newman, 1834 |
描述
該科蒼蠅通常多毛或具有毛茸茸的外觀，與食蟲虻類似，兩者有密切關係。但是，它們沒有凹陷的臉和凸出的眼睛。它們腿很長，雌性產卵器官周圍有一圈硬毛。
下屬分類
本科包括以下屬：
- Acantothereva Séguy, 1935
- Acathrito Lyneborg, 1983
- Acatopygia Kröber, 1912
- Acraspisa Kröber, 1912
- Acraspisoides Hill & Winterton, 2004
- 裸顏劍虻屬 Acrosathe Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Actenomeros Winterton & Irwin, 1999
- Actorthia Kröber, 1912
- Acupalpa Kröber, 1912
- Agapophytus Guérin, 1831
- Ambradolon Metz & Irwin, 2000
- Ammonaios Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Ammothereva Lyneborg, 1984
- Amplisegmentum Donald W.Webb, 2005
- Anabarhynchus Macquart, 1848
- Anabarrhynchus Kertész, 1909
- Anabarynchus Macquart, 1848
- Anolinga Gaimari & Irwin, 2000
- Apenniverpa Webb, 2005
- Arctogephyra Hauser, 2007
- Arenigena Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Argolepida Metz & Irwin, 2003
- Aristothereva Frey, 1921
- Ataenogera Kröber, 1914
- Baryphora Loew, 1844
- Belonalys Kröber, 1912
- 毛蚋屬 Bibio Fabricius, 1775
- Bonjeania Irwin & Lyneborg, 1989
- Brachylinga Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Braunsophila
- Breviperna Irwin, 1977
- Bugulaverpa Gaimari & Irwin, 2000
- Caenophanomyia Bezzi, 1902
- Caenophthalmus Kröber, 1931
- Calophytus Irwin, Winterton & Metz, 2020
- Ceratosathe Lyneborg, 1972
- Cerocatus Rondani, 1848
- Chromolepida Cole, 1923
- Chrysanthemyia Becker, 1912
- Cionophora Egger, 1854
- Cliorismia Enderlein, 1927
- Cochlodactyla Lyneborg, 1972
- Coleiana Gaimari & Irwin, 2000
- Collessiama Lambkin, 2013
- Crebraseta Gaimari & Irwin, 2000
- Cretothereva Carmo, Lamas & Ribeiro, 2022
- Cyclotelus Walker, 1850
- Dasystethos Hauser, 2007
- Dasythereva Irwin & Winterton, 2020
- Delphacura Lyneborg, 1972
- Dialineura Rondani, 1856
- Dichoglena Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Dimassus Walker, 1850
- Distostylus Webb, 2003
- Ectinorhynchus Macquart, 1850
- Efflatouniella Kröber, 1927
- Elcaribe Webb, 2006
- Entesia Oldroyd, 1968
- Epileptocera Richards, 1929
- Euphycus Krober, 1912
- Eupsilocephala Kröber, 1912
- Evansomyia Mann, 1928
- Glaesorthactia Hennig, 1967
- Gyrophthalmus Becker, 1912
- Helicorhaphe Ksiazkiewicz, 1970
- Hemigephyra Lyneborg, 1972
- Henicomyia Coquillett, 1898
- Hermannula Strand, 1932
- Hoplosathe Lyneborg & Zaitzev, 1980
- Iberotelus Lyneborg, 1989
- Incoxoverpa Webb & Irwin, 1999
- Insulatitan Metz & Irwin, 2000
- Irwiniella Lyneborg, 1976
- Jeanchazeauia Irwin, Winterton & Metz, 2020
- Johnmannia Irwin & Lyneborg, 1989
- Kroeberiella Hauser, 2007
- Laxotela Winterton & Irwin, 1999
- Leptocera Kröber, 1928
- Leptothereva Séguy, 1964
- Lesneus Surcouf, 1921
- Lindneria Kröber, 1929
- Litolinga Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Lyneborgia Irwin, 1973
- Lysilinga Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Manestella Metz, 2003
- Medomega Winterton & Lambkin, 2012
- Megalinga Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Megapalla Lyneborg, 2001
- Megathereva Lyneborg, 1992
- Melanacrosathe Lyneborg, 1999
- Melanothereva Malloch, 1932
- Microgephyra Lyneborg, 1972
- Microthereva Malloch, 1932
- Nanexila Winterton & Irwin, 1999
- Nebritus Coquillett, 1894
- Neodialineura Mann, 1928
- Neophycus Kröber, 1931
- Neotabuda Kröber, 1931
- Neotherevella Lyneborg, 1978
- Nesonana Gaimari & Irwin, 2000
- Nigranitida Metz, 2003
- Notiothereva Metz & Irwin, 2003
- Orthactia Kröber, 1912
- Ozodiceromyia Bigot, 1890
- Pachygenia Kröber, 1912
- Pachylopella Winterton & Irving, 2023
- Pachyrrhiza Philippi, 1865
- Palaeopherocera Hauser & Irwin, 2005
- Pallicephala Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Pandivirilia Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Parapherocera Irwin, 1977
- Parapsilocephala Kröber, 1912
- Patanothrix Winterton, 2001
- Penniverpa Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Pentheria Francke, 1985
- Pentheria Kröber, 1914
- Peralia Malloch, 1932
- Peratrimera Hauser & Irwin, 2005
- Pherocera Cole, 1923
- Phycus Walker, 1850
- Pipinnipons Winterton, 2001
- Platarista Speiser, 1923
- Platycarenum Kröber, 1912
- Procyclotelus Nagatomi & Lyneborg, 1987
- Protothereva Malloch, 1932
- Pseudothereva Lyneborg, 1976
- Pseudoxestomyza Kröber, 1912
- Psilocephala Zetterstedt, 1838
- Ptilotophallos Webb, 2005
- Rhagioforma Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Rueppellia Wiedemann, 1830
- Ruppellia Wiedemann, 1830
- Salentia Costa, 1857
- Salwaea Winterton, Hauser & Badrawy, 2012
- Schlingeria Irwin, 1977
- Schoutedenomyia Krober, 1936
- Sidarena Irwin & Winterton, 2016
- Sigalopella Irwin & Winterton, 2020
- Sinothereva Winterton, 2020
- Spatulipalpa Kröber, 1912
- Spinalobus Webb, 2007
- Spiracolis Webb, 2005
- Spiriverpa Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Squamopygia Kröber, 1928
- Stenogephyra Lyneborg, 1987
- Stenopomyia Lyneborg, 1976
- Stenosathe Lyneborg, 1976
- Stratiobelonalys Frey, 1934
- Tabuda Walker, 1852
- Tabudamima Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Taenogera Kröber, 1912
- Taenogerella Winterton & Irwin, 1999
- Thereva Fabricius, 1798
- Thereva Latreille, 1796
- Viriliricta Irwin & Lyneborg, 1981
- Vomerina Winterton, 2007
- Winthemmyia Webb, 2005
- Xestomyza Wiedemann, 1820
- Xestomyzina Kröber, 1912
- Yemenia Koçak & Kemal, 2009
- Zelothrix Irwin & Winterton, 2016
- Ziehenia Kröber, 1929
- Zionea Hardy, 1938
習性
該科蒼蠅主要生活在草地和牧場，偶爾在灌木或觀葉花卉上被發現。它們通常生活在沙質土壤的乾旱地區。成蟲只以液體為食，通常是水。它們善於飛行，不過飛行距離通常很短。它們在沙質土壤中產卵。
幼蟲長且捲曲，由19段組成。它們生活在土壤中，有時在爛木頭中。它們捕食甲蟲幼蟲和其它軟體動物，它們注入毒劑，然後吸出獵物。幼蟲在土壤中休眠成蛹。蛹期通常持續時間只有八到十二天。
參考資料
- ^ Newman, E. (1834). Attempted division of British insects into natural orders. Entomological Magazine. 2, 379–431.
- Klaus Honomichl, Heiko Bellmann: Biologie und Ökologie der Insekten; CD-Rom, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1994