緊急狀態 (印度)

印度緊急狀態（the Emergency）是指印度在1975年至1977年間，持續21個月的緊急狀態。時任印度總理英迪拉·甘地決定在全國範圍內實施緊急狀態，由總統法赫魯丁·阿里·艾哈邁德因「內亂」（internal disturbance）而根據《印度憲法》第352條正式發佈，後被內閣及議會追認^[1]^[2]。緊急狀態從1975年6月25日開始生效，直到1977年3月21日撤銷。

緊急狀態時期，印度總理被賦予極大權力，得暫停選舉及限制公民自由。緊急狀態期間，英迪拉·甘地的大多數政治反對者被長期監禁，新聞界受到審查。緊急狀態期間還發生了其他侵犯人權的事件，包括由總理的兒子桑賈伊·甘地帶頭髮起的大規模強迫絕育運動^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]。緊急狀態是印度獨立後歷史上最具爭議的時期之一。

參考文獻

^ Interview with Indira Gandhi. Interview relecast through India times. TV Eye. [14 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-11）.
^ recallign the emergency. Indian Express. 29 June 2015 [14 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-31）.
^ Vinay Lal. Indira Gandhi. [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-29）. Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his fiefdom and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimised. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented programme of forced sterilisation.
^ Subodh Ghildiyal. Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'. 29 December 2010 [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-28）. Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger
^ Kumkum Chadha. Sanjay's men and women. 4 January 2011 [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-30）. The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over-enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again: "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over-enthusiasm led to compulsion in the enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".
^ Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book. 28 December 2010 [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）.

來源

Atul Kohli. Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability. Cambridge University Press. 1991. ISBN 0-521-39161-X.
Atul Kohli (ed.). The Success of India's Democracy. Cambridge University Press. 2001 [2004]. ISBN 81-7596-107-4.
Ayesha Jalal. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: a Comparative and Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. 1995 [1996]. ISBN 81-85618-75-5
B. G. Verghese. Warrior of the Fourth Estate: Ramnath Goenka of the Express. Viking, Penguin India. 2005. ISBN 978-0-67005-842-6.
Bipan Chandra et al. India Since Independence. Penguin India. 2008 [2011 digital edition]. e-ISBN 978-81-8475-053-9.
Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. LexisNexis Butterworths. 1960 [20th edition, 2011 reprint]. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
Inder Malhotra. Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography. Hodder and Stoughton. 1989. ISBN 0-340-40540-6.
Mary C. Carras. Indira Gandhi: In the Crucible of Leadership. Jaico Publishing House. 1979 [1980].
Partha Chatterjee. Lineages of Political Society. Permanent Black. 2011. ISBN 81-7824-317-2.
Partha Chatterjee. Empire and Nation: Essential Writings, 1985–2005. Permanent Black. 2010. ISBN 81-7824-267-2.
Ramachandra Guha. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. HarperCollins. 2008. ISBN 978-0-330-50554-3.
S. S. Gill. The Dynasty: A Political Biography of the Premier Ruling Family of Modern India. HarperCollins. 1996. ISBN 81-7223-245-4.
Subhash C. Kashyap. Indian Constitution: Conflicts and Controversies. Vitasta Publishing. 2010. ISBN 978-81-89766-41-2.
T. V. Sathyamurthy. State and Nation in the Context of Social Change. Oxford University Press. 1994. ISBN 0-19-563136-6.

延伸閱讀

Aaron S. Klieman. "Indira's India: Democracy and Crisis Government", Political Science Quarterly (1981) 96#2 pp. 241–259 in JSTOR （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
Kuldip Nayar. The Judgement: Inside Story of the Emergency in India. 1977. Vikas Publishing House. ISBN 0-7069-0557-1.
P. N. Dhar. Indira Gandhi, the "Emergency", and Indian Democracy (2000), 424pp
Ramashray Roy and D. L. Sheth. "The 1977 Lok Sabha Election Outcome: The Salience of Changing Voter Alignments Since 1969," Political Science Review (1978), Vol. 17 Issue 3/4, pp. 51–63
Shourie, Arun (1984). Mrs Gandhi's second reign. New Delhi: Vikas.
Shourie, Arun (1978). Symptoms of fascism. New Delhi: Vikas.

外部連結

[1] Interview with Indira Gandhi. Interview relecast through India times. TV Eye. [14 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2019-08-11）.

[2] recallign the emergency. Indian Express. 29 June 2015 [14 June 2018]. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-31）.

[3] Vinay Lal. Indira Gandhi. [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2016-07-29）. Sanjay Gandhi, started to run the country as though it were his fiefdom and earned the fierce hatred of many whom his policies had victimised. He ordered the removal of slum dwellings, and in an attempt to curb India's growing population, initiated a highly resented programme of forced sterilisation.

[4] Subodh Ghildiyal. Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'. 29 December 2010 [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-28）. Sanjay Gandhi's rash promotion of sterilization and forcible clearance of slums ... sparked popular anger

[5] Kumkum Chadha. Sanjay's men and women. 4 January 2011 [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2011-08-30）. The Congress, on the other hand, charges Sanjay Gandhi of "over-enthusiasm" in dealing with certain programmes and I quote yet again: "Unfortunately, in certain spheres, over-enthusiasm led to compulsion in the enforcement of certain programmes like compulsory sterilisation and clearance of slums. Sanjay Gandhi had by then emerged as a leader of great significance.".

[6] Sanjay Gandhi worked in an authoritarian manner: Congress book. 28 December 2010 [1 August 2013]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-02）.

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