股節弦音器官
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股節弦音器官是一組位於昆蟲腿部的機械感覺神經元(圖 1)。它的主要功能是檢測股節/脛節關節的運動和位置。 [1]該器官是一種本體感受器(proprioceptor)。它把股節/脛節處關節運動和位置的相關信息傳遞到腹側神經索(ventral nerve cord, VNC)和大腦,從而在對腿部位置和運動的控制中起到了至關重要的作用[2] [3] [4] [5]。
解剖結構
股節弦音器官神經元的細胞體通常位於股節近端(靠近身體的一端) [1] 。它們的樹突通過不同類型的肌腱連接到脛節外骨骼上。 [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]在模式生物果蠅中,科學家可以通過軸突在腹神經索中的形態來辨別不同類型的股節弦音器官神經元,並且可以通過基因學的方法來特異性地標記這些神經元。在果蠅中,這些神經元可以被分為三種亞型(圖2)[11] :棒狀神經元(club)的軸突投射到腹神經索的中心,並且形成形似球棒的神經束;爪狀神經元(claw)的軸突在腹神經索中分叉成三個形狀像鳥爪的分支;鈎狀神經元(hook)的軸突形狀像彎鈎。
感官編碼
股節弦音器官神經元編碼股節/脛節處關節的各種運動學特徵,包括位置、速度、加速度和振動。 [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]這些不同的運動學特徵是由上述提到的解剖學上不同的神經元亞型編碼的[11] (圖2)。脛節的位置由爪狀神經元編碼,振動由棒狀神經元編碼,運動方向由鈎狀神經元編碼。 [11]
功能
一般認為股節弦音器官參與腿部運動的精確控制。通過研究竹節蟲和蝗蟲的股節弦音器官,人們發現該器官在昆蟲行走 [2]和抓取物體[3]的過程中起到重要作用。
股節弦音器官通過介導反射行為來控制腿部運動 (圖3)。在昆蟲處於靜止狀態時,該反射會在肢體被外力移動時起作用,從而產生與外力相反的力,阻止肢體受外力影響而移動。在昆蟲處於運動狀態時,該反射會發生逆轉,不再阻止肢體的運動,反而會促進肢體的周期性屈曲與伸展 [19] [20]。
參考
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