中国—尼泊尔边界

中国—尼泊尔边界是中国西藏自治区尼泊尔的边界,全长1389公里,以西北-东南方向喜马拉雅山脉而行,包括世界最高山珠穆朗玛峰[1]。此边界随时间不断改变。1956年《中尼友好协议》和1960年《中尼和平友好条约英语Sino-Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship》的签订后,尼泊尔承认西藏为中国领土,并确认了中尼两国的范围[2][3]

中国—尼泊尔边界地图

概览

 
绒布寺所见的珠穆朗玛峰

边界由远西省亭加山口英语Tinkar Pass印度的西端三角点开始[4]向东南到乌拉山口,转向东北,并沿格尔纳利河而行,在拉普齐山口转向东南。之后再前往喜玛拉雅山脉的山峰前进,包括珠穆朗玛峰马卡鲁峰戈乃斯山英语Salasungo,以及一系列山口[5],并以琼桑峰的东端三角点结束[5]

历史

边界范围向来都是尼泊尔、印度和西藏等王国的边缘地带[5]。尼泊尔和西藏的跨境贸易已持续几个世纪,包括羊毛香料[6][7]。虽然18至19世纪期间有许多尼泊尔和西藏的条约签订,该些条约对领土一般只作模楜处理而非划定准确的边界[5]

1950至1951年西藏和平解放时继承了中尼边界的混乱[8]。1960年3月21日签订了边界条约,承认传统习惯线并设立了联合边界小组以划定更准确的边界[5]。边界划定完成后,1961年10月5日签订最终《中尼边界条约[5]。边界随后以地上列柱划定,最终议定书在1963年1月23日签订[5]

虽然尼泊尔和中国没有领土争议,西部中尼印三角点在尼泊尔和印度则有领土争议。2015年,尼泊尔国会拒绝中国与印度通过里普列克山口进行贸易的协议,称其“违反尼泊尔对争议地区的主权”[9]。印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪2015年访华后,中印同意在里普列克山口开设贸易站,引来尼泊尔的反对[10][11]。尼泊尔期望与印度以外交途经解决争端[12]

跨境口岸

2012年,中尼两国同意开放新的口岸至6个,其中3个为国际口岸,其余3个只作双边贸易用途[13]

中尼公路上的樟木镇科达里口岸自1968年已开放使用[14]。2014年,在吉隆镇的口岸开放商业用途,2017年再开放予外国人[6][15][16]。另外,中尼铁路亦计划通过此口岸过境。

其他口岸如靠近西端三角点的普兰镇口岸,虽交通不便,但已作为中尼贸易通道多年[17]。部分口岸非常重要,2008年中国收紧边界管制期间,基玛塘英语Kimathanka等村庄一度面临食物短缺的地步[18]。历史上曾有更多的口岸。木斯塘王国与西藏在科里山口的口岸曾是藏尼盐贸路线英语Tibet-Nepal salt trade route,但1960年代因西藏游击队活跃而关闭,至今大部分时间仍然关闭,只在半年一度的跨境贸易展览开放作有限度本地贸易[6]

根据2012年条约的口岸
条约名称[13](Other Name) 行政区[13] 状态 国际跨境 口岸位置 边界海拔 西藏自治区最高海拔 备注
普兰–雅犁(斜尔瓦[19] 普兰县普兰镇
胡姆拉县英语Humla District希尔萨英语Hilsa, Nepal
活跃 计划 30°09′12″N 81°20′00″E / 30.15333°N 81.33333°E / 30.15333; 81.33333 3,640米(11,900英尺) 4,720米(15,500英尺) 现时有本地贸易
里孜—乃琼(科里山口 仲巴县亚热乡
木斯塘Lo Manthang
计划 29°19′24″N 83°59′09″E / 29.32333°N 83.98583°E / 29.32333; 83.98583 4,620米(15,200英尺) 现有季节性贸易展
吉隆–热索瓦 吉隆县吉隆镇
拉苏瓦县英语Rasuwa District拉苏瓦堡英语Rasuwa Gadhi
活跃 28°16′45″N 85°22′43″E / 28.27917°N 85.37861°E / 28.27917; 85.37861 1,850米(6,100英尺) 5,230米(17,200英尺)
樟木科达里 聂拉木县樟木镇
辛杜帕尔乔克县塔托帕尼乡
活跃[20] 27°58′24″N 85°57′50″E / 27.97333°N 85.96389°E / 27.97333; 85.96389 1,760米(5,800英尺) 5,150米(16,900英尺)
陈塘–吉马塘卡 定结县陈塘镇
桑库瓦沙巴县英语Sankhuwasabha District吉曼坦卡英语Kimathanka
计划 27°51′30″N 87°25′30″E / 27.85833°N 87.42500°E / 27.85833; 87.42500 2,248米(7,400英尺) 现有本地贸易
日屋–瓦隆琼果拉(Tipta La英语Tipta La 定结县日屋镇
塔普勒琼县英语Taplejung DistrictOlangchung Gola英语Olangchung Gola
计划 27°49′00″N 87°44′00″E / 27.81667°N 87.73333°E / 27.81667; 87.73333 5,095米(16,700英尺) 现有本地贸易

图片

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ Nepal. CIA World Factbook. [23 September 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-05). 
  2. ^ Van Tronder, Gerry. Sino-Indian War: Border Clash: October–November 1962. Pen and Sword Military. 2018 [2020-10-15]. ISBN 9781526728388. (原始内容存档于2020-10-20). 
  3. ^ Adhikari, Monalisa. Between the Dragon and the Elephant: Nepal's Neutrality Conundrum. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs. 2012, 25 (1/2): 85. JSTOR 41950522. 
  4. ^ Cowan, Sam, The Indian checkposts, Lipu Lekh, and Kalapani, School of Oriental and African Studies: 16–17, 2015 [2020-10-15], (原始内容存档于2020-12-03) 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Office of the Geographer, International Boundary Study - China – Nepal Boundary (PDF), Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State, 1965-05-30 [2017-02-14], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-05-03) 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Murton, Galen. A Himalayan Border Trilogy: The Political Economies of Transport Infrastructure and Disaster Relief between China and Nepal. Cross-Currents E-Journal. March 2016 [2017-02-09]. ISSN 2158-9674. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24). 
  7. ^ Eede, Joanna. Nomads of Dolpo. National Geographic Voices. National Geographic. 2015-06-12 [2017-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-06). 
  8. ^ Office of the Geographer (1965): "The exact number of territorial disputes has never been ascertained, but as many as 20 sectors may have been involved. The most serious disputes were located at Rasu (north of Katmandu), Kimathanka in the east, Nara Pass, Tingribode near Mustang, Mount Everest, and the Nelu River. Most of these disputes were settled in favor of Nepal, although several favored China."
  9. ^ Nepal objects to India-China trade pact via Lipu-Lekh Pass页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), The Economic Times, 9 June 2015.
  10. ^ Resolve Lipu-Lekh Pass dispute: House panel to govt, Republica, 28 June 2018 [2020-10-15], (原始内容存档于2018-06-28) 
  11. ^ Ekantipur Report. Lipulekh dispute: UCPN (M) writes to PM Koirala, Indian PM Modi & Chinese Prez Xi. Kathmandu Post. July 9, 2015 [13 January 2020]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-29). 
  12. ^ Post-J&K map ache spreads to Nepal. Telegraph India. 8 November 2019 [15 November 2019]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-01). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 中华人民共和国政府和尼泊尔政府关于边境口岸及其管理制度的协定 [China-Nepal Agreement on Port of Entry]. Chinese Embassy in Nepal. 2012-01-14 [2017-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-19) (中文). 
  14. ^ Buddhi Narayan Shrestha. Nepal-China Seven Border Crossing-points. Border Nepal Buddhi. 2015-11-29 [2017-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-19). Kodari-Khasa has been in operation since 1968 for the transaction of trade and commerce. The second commercial border-point is the Rasuwagadhi-Kerung, which has come into use recently. 
  15. ^ Lobsang. Tibet Nepal Border Closedsalt. The Land of Snows. 2016-06-25 [2017-02-09]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-11). the new border crossing from Kyirong, Tibet to Rasuwaghadi, Nepal. Though this border crossing has NOT been opened to foreign travelers yet, this route has been open to traders from Nepal and China for much of the past year... 
  16. ^ Tenphel, Sonam. Gyirong Port, new Sino-Nepal Border Finally was Opened, so Lhasa and Kathmandu Overland Tour is all Available Now. Tibet Vista. [26 November 2017]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-17). 
  17. ^ Prithvi Man Shrestha; Jaya Bahadur Rokaya. Nepal, China rush to open Hilsa border. Kathmandu Post. 2016-03-24 [2017-02-10]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-11). Hilsa is one of the six border points Nepal and China had agreed to open for international trade when former Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jibao visited Kathmandu in 2012. 
  18. ^ Budhathoki, Kishor. China seals border, villages on Nepali side face starvation. The Himalayan Times. 2008-06-04 [2017-02-13]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-17). Starvation looms large in the northern parts of Sankhuwasabha district after China closed the Kimathanka check post 
  19. ^ News from China (PDF). Chinese Embassy in India. Vol. XXVIII no. 7. July 2016 [2017-02-15]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-13). 
  20. ^ Kodari Checkpoint To Open Today. The Spotlight Online. 2019-05-29 [2019-06-28]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-19). 

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